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(as opposed to animals)

  • 1 people

    1. noun
    1) (persons composing nation, community, etc.) Volk, das
    2) constr. as pl. (persons forming class etc.) Leute Pl.; Menschen

    city/country people — (inhabitants) Stadt-/Landbewohner; (who prefer the city/the country) Stadt-/Landmenschen

    coloured/white people — Farbige/Weiße

    3) constr. as pl. (persons not of nobility)

    the people — das [gemeine] Volk

    4) constr. as pl. (persons in general) Menschen; Leute Pl.; (as opposed to animals) Menschen

    people say he's very rich — die Leute sagen od. man sagt od. es heißt, dass er sehr reich sei

    some people — (certain persons, usu. with whom the speaker disagrees) gewisse Leute; (you) manche Leute

    honestly, some people! — also wirklich!

    what do you people think? — was denkt ihr [denn]?

    you of all people ought... — gerade du solltest...

    2. transitive verb
    * * *
    ['pi:pl]
    1) (persons: There were three people in the room.) die Leute (pl.)
    2) (men and women in general: People often say such things.) die Leute (pl.)
    3) (( noun singular) a nation or race: all the peoples of this world.) das Volk
    •
    - academic.ru/118993/the_people">the people
    * * *
    peo·ple
    [ˈpi:pl̩]
    I. n
    1. pl (persons) Leute pl, Menschen pl
    city \people Städter pl
    country \people Landbevölkerung f
    the beautiful \people die Reichen und die Schönen
    homeless \people Obdachlose pl
    rich \people die Reichen pl
    the right \people die richtigen Leute
    2. pl (comprising a nation) Volk nt
    \people's democracy/republic Volksdemokratie/-republik f
    the chosen \people REL das auserwählte Volk
    3. pl (ordinary citizens)
    ▪ the \people das Volk, die breite Masse
    a \people's car ein Auto nt für jedermann
    \people's park öffentlicher Park
    the will of the \people der Wille des Volkes
    4. (comprising a race, tribe)
    ▪ \peoples pl Völker pl
    the \peoples of the world die Völker der Erde
    5. pl ( dated fam: family)
    my \people meine Leute [o Familie
    ▪ to be \peopled bevölkert [o besiedelt] sein
    ▪ sth is \peopled by sth book, novel, movie etw ist voll [o wimmelt] von etw dat
    these luxurious yachts are \peopled by the rich auf diesen Luxusjachten tummeln sich die Reichen
    III. n modifier
    a \people person ein geselliger Mensch
    \people skills Menschenkenntnis f kein pl
    * * *
    ['piːpl]
    1. pl
    1) Menschen pl; (not in formal context) Leute pl

    a job where you meet people — eine Arbeit, wo man mit Menschen or Leuten zusammenkommt

    people who need people — Menschen, die andere Menschen brauchen

    why me of all people? —

    of all people who do you think I should meet? — stell dir mal vor, wen ich getroffen habe?

    poor people — arme Leute pl, Arme pl

    middle-aged people — Menschen pl mittleren Alters

    country people — Menschen pl vom Land, Landleute pl (dated)

    2) (= inhabitants) Bevölkerung f

    the people of Rome/Egypt etc — die Bevölkerung von Rom/Ägypten etc

    Madrid has over 5 million people — Madrid hat über 5 Millionen Einwohner

    3) (= one, they) man; (= people in general, the neighbours) die Leute

    people say that... — man sagt, dass...

    people in general tend to say... — im Allgemeinen neigt man zu der Behauptung...

    4) (= nation, masses, subjects) Volk nt

    the common people — das einfache Volk, die breite Masse

    a man of the people — ein Mann m des Volkes

    the Belgian people — die Belgier pl, das belgische Volk

    People's police/Republic etc — Volkspolizei f/-republik f etc

    2. vt
    besiedeln

    to be peopled by —

    * * *
    people [ˈpiːpl]
    A s (1-6 als pl konstruiert)
    1. koll die Menschen pl, die Leute pl:
    English people (die) Engländer;
    London people die Londoner (Bevölkerung);
    literary people Literaten;
    a great many people sehr viele Leute;
    some people manche (Leute);
    I don’t like to keep people waiting ich lasse die Leute nicht gern warten
    2. man:
    people say that … man sagt, dass …
    3. Leute pl, Personen pl:
    he of all people ausgerechnet er;
    know the right people die richtigen Leute kennen, gute Beziehungen haben;
    a) Personenbeförderungsmittel n (Rollsteig, Rolltreppe etc),
    b) → minivan
    4. (mit poss pr) umg Leute pl, Familie f, Angehörige(n) pl:
    5. Leute pl (Untergeordnete):
    a) das (gemeine) Volk, die Masse (des Volkes),
    b) die Bürger pl oder Wähler pl, die Bevölkerung:
    people power Basisdemokratie f;
    the People’s Party US HIST die Volkspartei ( 1891 gegründete Partei der Populists);
    people’s front Volksfront f;
    people’s man Mann m des Volkes;
    people’s democracy Volksdemokratie f;
    people’s republic Volksrepublik f
    7. pl peoples Volk n, Nation f:
    B v/t besiedeln, bevölkern ( beide:
    with mit)
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (persons composing nation, community, etc.) Volk, das
    2) constr. as pl. (persons forming class etc.) Leute Pl.; Menschen

    city/country people — (inhabitants) Stadt-/Landbewohner; (who prefer the city/the country) Stadt-/Landmenschen

    coloured/white people — Farbige/Weiße

    3) constr. as pl. (persons not of nobility)

    the people — das [gemeine] Volk

    4) constr. as pl. (persons in general) Menschen; Leute Pl.; (as opposed to animals) Menschen

    people say he's very rich — die Leute sagen od. man sagt od. es heißt, dass er sehr reich sei

    some people — (certain persons, usu. with whom the speaker disagrees) gewisse Leute; (you) manche Leute

    honestly, some people! — also wirklich!

    what do you people think? — was denkt ihr [denn]?

    you of all people ought... — gerade du solltest...

    2. transitive verb
    * * *
    n.
    Leute nur plur. f.
    Volk ¨-er n.

    English-german dictionary > people

  • 2 contra

    contrā, adv. and prep. [stem con, i. e. cum, through a comparative form conter; cf.: alter, uter, inter, praeter, etc.; in abl. fem. form like the locative adverbs ea, qua, etc.; cf.: ultra, intra, extra, citra], orig., in comparison with; hence, over against, fronting, in front, opposite, in opposition to, against, contrary to, opposed to, etc.
    I.
    Adv. (referring to an opposed object often with the force of a preposition with ellipsis of a pronoun, = against it, against him, etc.).
    A.
    Local.
    1.
    Lit., of position in front of a person, place, or thing.
    a.
    With verb of being or position expressed or understood.
    (α).
    Referring to living beings, opposite, in face of, face to face, facing, in front of, fronting, confronting (not in Cic., Caes., or Sall.):

    feminam scelestam te, adstans contra, contuor,

    Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 26:

    ut confidenter mihi contra adstitit,

    id. Capt. 3, 5, 6; Lucr. 4, 223; 6, 929:

    signum contra, quoad longissume oculi ferebant, animo finivit,

    Liv. 1, 18, 8:

    stat contra starique jubet,

    Juv. 3, 290:

    stat contra dicitque tibi tua pagina Fures!

    Mart. 1, 55, 12:

    ulmus erat contra,

    in front of her, Ov. M. 14, 661:

    templa vides contra,

    in front (of us), id. ib. 7, 587.—Of position in front of the enemy:

    contra conserta manu,

    Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 3: contra consistere, to make front against them, Caes. B. G. 2, 17.—
    (β).
    Referring to things and places, over against (it), opposite (to it), on the opposite side (mostly post-Aug.):

    contra jacet Cancer patulam distentus in alvum,

    Manil. 2, 253:

    posita contra Hispania,

    Tac. Agr. 11:

    promuntorium quod contra procedit,

    Plin. 4, 2, 3, § 6: relinquendae autem contra erunt vacuae tabellae, on the opposite side, i. e. of the leaf, Quint. 10, 3, 32: illo quaerente cur non decidant contra siti, the antipodes (cf. Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; v. II. A. 1. c. a), Plin. 2, 65, 65, § 161.—With the governing verb understood:

    arguam hanc vidisse apud te contra conservum meum,

    face to face, Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 91:

    jam omnia contra circaque hostium plena erant, Liv 5, 37, 8: eadem verba contra (i. e. ponuntur),

    side by side, Quint. 9, 3, 36; Verg. A. 6, 23.—
    b.
    With verbs of motion, so as to be opposite to an object or face to face with a person, variously rendered.
    (α).
    Referring to persons:

    accede ad me atque adi contra,

    come right up to me, Plaut. Rud. 1, 4, 23; id. Bacch. 3, 6, 6: hostes crebri cadunt; nostri contra ingruunt, advance to their front (in Plaut. hostility is not implied in contra), id. Am. 1, 1, 84: quis nos pater aut cognatu' volet contra tueri, face to face, eye to eye, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 12 Mull. (Trag. Rel. v. 444 Rib.); Att. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 55 (Trag. Rel. v. 538 ib.):

    adspicedum contra me = contra adspice me,

    Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 56 Lorenz ad lec.:

    contra adspicere,

    id. Mil. 2, 1, 45:

    contra intueri,

    Liv. 1, 16, 6; 9, 6, 8; Sen. Q. N. 1, 3, 6:

    cum veniret contra Marcianus,

    Quint. 6, 3, 95; Plin. 9, 46, 70, § 152.—
    (β).
    Of things:

    hic ubi sol radiis... Adversa fulsit nimborum aspergine contra,

    Lucr. 6, 525; Cels. 8, 8, 1:

    quam (turrim) promoti contra validi asseres... perfregere,

    Tac. H. 4, 30.—Reciprocally: oscula non pervenientia contra, not coming through (the wall) so as to meet, Ov. M. 4, 80.—
    2.
    Transf. to equivalents of weight, value, and price; so,
    (α).
    In Plaut. only in the colloq. phrases auro contra, aurichalco contra, and contra auro (sc. posito); lit., for gold placed against; cf.:

    aes contrarium, s. v. contrarius: (servus) non carus'st auro contra,

    at his weight in gold, Plaut. Ep. 3, 3, 30: jam auro contra constat filius, id. Truc. 2, 6, 57 (Speng. aurichalco): auro contra cedo modestum amatorem! A me aurum accipe. Pa. Cedo mihi contra aurichalco quoi ego sano serviam, id. Curc. 1, 3, 45 sq.; id. Mil. 3, 1, 63; 4, 2, 85; id. Ps. 2, 3, 23.—
    (β).
    In post-Aug. prose (very rare):

    at si aquae et ejus rei quam contra pensabis par pondus erit, nec pessum ibit, nec exstabit, etc.,

    Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 5.—
    3.
    Of reciprocal actions, = vicissim, in turn, in return, back, on my, his, etc., part, likewise, counter-.
    (α).
    In gen.:

    te ut deludam contra, lusorem meum,

    Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 71:

    quae me amat, quam ego contra amo,

    id. Merc. 5. 2, 77; id. Cist. 1, 1, 96; id. Trin. 4, 2, 55; id. As. 2, 2, 110:

    qui arguat se, eum contra vincat jurejurando suo,

    make a victorious counter-charge, id. Mil. 2, 2, 37:

    si laudabit haec Illius formam, tu hujus contra (i. e. lauda),

    Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 54:

    audi nunc contra jam,

    listen in turn, id. Phorm. 4, 4, 18; id. Ad. 5, 4, 23:

    at tu mihi contra nunc videre fortunatus, Phaedria, Cui, etc.,

    you likewise seem fortunate to me, id. Phorm. 1, 3, 21:

    Mettius Tullo gratulatur, contra Tullus Mettium benigne alloquitur,

    Liv. 1, 28, 1:

    contra ut me diligat illa,

    Cat. 76. 23; Hor. S. 1, 3, 27 Orell. ad loc.—Hence, with ellipsis of inquit, = respondit:

    cui latrans contra senex,

    Phaedr. 5, 10, 7:

    scietis, inquam, etc., contra Nigrinus: ad quem missi sunt? ego, etc.,

    Plin. Ep. 7, 6, 4.—

    Rarely with inquit, etc., expressed: at ille contra, renidens, Audi, inquit, discipule, etc.,

    Gell. 15, 9, 9; cf.:

    contra talia reddit,

    Claud. B. Gild. 379.—
    (β).
    With dat. pers.:

    consulo quem dolum doloso contra conservo parem,

    Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 45:

    facere contra huic aegre,

    Ter. Eun. 4, 1, 10:

    hiscine contra insidiabere?

    id. Hec. 1. 1, 13:

    tibi contra gratiam Referre,

    id. ib. 4, 2, 7.—
    (γ).
    With item:

    item a me contra factum est,

    Plaut. Aul. prol. 20:

    puellam senex Amat et item contra filius,

    id. Cas. prol. 49; id. Pers. 5, 2, 36; id. Am. 1, 1, 67; Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 25.—
    (δ).
    Combining a reciprocal with a local relation (A. 1. a. a, and b. a): contra carinantes verba, exchanging abusive words ( face to face), Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 8, 361 (Ann. v. 181 Vahl.): tubae utrimque contra canunt;

    Consonat terra,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 73; 1, 1, 86:

    confer gradum Contra pariter,

    id. Ps. 2, 4, 18; id. Truc. 1, 2, 28:

    video amicam... Ubi contra adspexit me, etc.,

    id. Mil. 2, 1, 45; Verg. E. 7, 8; cf. Lucr. 4, 243:

    vesper adest, juvenes consurgite!... Cernitis, innuptae, juvenes? consurgite contra!

    Cat. 62, 6.—
    (ε).
    Implying also opposition: Pe. Conpellabo. Ph. Orationis aciem contra conferam, Plaut. Ep. 4, 1, 20:

    si scias quod donum huic dono contra comparet,

    what counter gift, Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 63: quod Scipio postulavit... ut, etc. Et quod contra collega postulavit ne, etc., Annal. Trib. Pleb. ap. Gell. 7 (6), 19, 5:

    si vobis aequa et honesta postulatio videtur, ego contra brevem postulationem adfero,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 2, 7; Nep. Epam. 6, 1;

    Auct. B. Alex. 24: illo licente contra liceri audeat nemo,

    to bid in opposition, Caes. B. G. 1, 18; Liv. 4, 53, 6:

    agedum pauca accipe contra,

    Hor. S. 1, 4, 38.—So in battle:

    Numidae... Romanorum ordines conturbare... neque contra feriundi copia erat,

    Sall. J. 50, 4; and in law: et ab eo is qui adoptat vindicat... et illo contra non vindicante, etc., Gai Inst. 1, 134; 2, 24.—Esp. in replies:

    oratio contra a Demosthene pro Ctesiphonte edita,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 56, 213:

    dicit accusator haec: primum, etc.... quid contra reus?

    id. Clu. 30, 81; id. Fin. 5, 22, 63; Curt. 4, 1, 10; 7, 9, 1.
    B.
    Of opposition, strife, etc., against; constr. absol., with dat., and ne, quominus or quin.
    1.
    Of physical exertion.
    (α).
    Lit.:

    concurrunt... aetheriae nubes contra pugnantibu' ventis,

    struggling against each other, Lucr. 6. 98:

    nec nos obniti contra... Sufficimus,

    bear up, battle against, Verg. A. 5, 21; Ov. M. 9, 50; 2, 434:

    at ille contra nititur,

    resists, Plin. 2, 38, 38, § 103; 7, 20, 19, § 82:

    pars remigum, tamquam imperitia... officia nautarum impediebant. Mox contra tendere,

    rowed in an opposite direction, Tac. H. 4, 16.—
    (β).
    Trop.:

    te rogo ne contrahas ac demittas animum, neque te obrui tamquam fluctu... sinas, contraque erigas ac resistas,

    Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 1, § 4:

    et torrens judicem vel nitentem contra feret, cogatque ire qua rapiet,

    Quint. 12, 10, 61.— With ne: vi contra niti, ne advorsus eum fiat, Cato ap. Gell. 7 (6), 3, 16.—With quominus, Lucr. 1, 780.—
    2.
    Of mental exertion:

    si tibi vera videntur, Dede manus, aut, si falsum est, accingere contra,

    arm yourself against them, Lucr. 2, 1043; 2, 280. —With dat.:

    siti contra... pugnandum,

    Cels. 4, 2 fin. —
    3.
    Of hostile opposition in gen.
    (α).
    Lit.:

    quod animadversum est in eo qui contra omni ratione pugnarunt, non debeo reprehendere,

    who made opposition in every way, Cic. Rosc. Am. 47, 137; id. Verr. 2, 2, 43, § 107:

    contra etiam aliquid abs te profectum ex multis audivi,

    something inimical, id. Fam. 5, 5, 2.—
    (β).
    Trop.:

    aut alio quovis (sc. colore) qui contra pugnet et obstet,

    Lucr. 2, 794; 2, 868.—
    4.
    Of warfare.
    (α).
    Lit.:

    ut eos adversarios existimemus qui arma contra ferant,

    Cic. Off. 1, 25, 87; 1, 12, 37; Vell. 2, 28, 4; cf.:

    quid quod exercitum contra duxit?

    Auct. Her. 4, 16, 23:

    ut si qua ex parte obviam contra veniretur, acie instructa depugnarent,

    if they should be attacked by an open charge, Caes. B. G. 7, 28:

    issentque confestim ad urbem ni venire contra exercitum... audissent,

    Liv. 7, 39, 17:

    cum Romanae legiones contra direxerint,

    would oppose their march, Tac. H. 4, 58; id. A. 6, 44.—With dat.:

    et huic contra itum ad amnem Erinden,

    Tac. A. 11, 10.—
    (β).
    Trop.:

    quod ubi viderunt corvi, contra auxiliantur, velut adversus communem hostem,

    Plin. 10, 74, 95, § 205.—
    5.
    Of legal contests.
    (α).
    With verbs of saying; v. 9. a.—
    (β).
    Venire contra, of any legal act with the intention to hurt the adversary:

    quid? si omnium mortalium Sthenio nemo inimicior quam hic C. Claudius... fuit? si de litteris corruptis contra venit, etc.?

    if he made a charge of forgery against him? Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 43, § 107; cf. II. B. c. b.—
    (γ).
    On the part of the adversary:

    inveniendum contra est, quo distet haec causa a ceteris,

    Quint. 5, 10, 114; 9, 2, 35; 12, 8, 10.—
    (δ).
    Of judgments against the parties or against opinions:

    ne spoliaret fama probatum hominem si contra judicasset,

    given an adverse decision, Cic. Off. 3, 19, 77; cf. Val. Max. 7, 2, 4; Cic. Caecin. 24, 69.—
    6.
    Of literary opposition.
    (α).
    Mostly with verbs of saying; v. 9. a. g.—
    (β).
    With other verbs:

    astrologorum artem contra convincere tendit,

    Lucr. 5, 728:

    contra nunc illud pone, etc.,

    Sen. Ben. 7, 14, 6:

    habeat (liber meus) etiam quosdam qui contra sentiant et adversentur,

    some dissentients and opponents, Quint. 3, 1, 5; 2, 17, 40; 3, 8, 69.—
    7.
    Of public and political opposition.
    (α).
    With verbs of saying; v. 9. a. d.—
    (β).
    With petere, to be a candidate for office in opposition to another:

    nihil enim supererat de quo certarent, nihil quod contra peterent,

    no office was left for which to canvass against each other, Cic. Agr. 2, 33, 91:

    honores contra petere,

    Quint. 6, 1, 17.—With ire, with dat., of an opposing vote in the senate (cf.:

    pedibus ire): sententia Cassii ut nemo unus contra ire ausus est, ita dissonae voces respondebant,

    Tac. A. 14, 45.—
    8.
    Of violation of law, contracts, etc.: contra facere, or contra committere, to violate, transgress a law, etc.: leges esse non ex ejus qui contra commiserit utilitate, spectari oportere, not in the interest of the transgressor, Cic. Inv. 2, 48, 153:

    si quis sub hoc pacto vendiderit ancillam ne prostitueretur, et si contra factum esset,

    and if the contract was violated, Dig. 18, 1, 56.—
    9.
    With verbs of saying, etc., contra dicere; less freq. disputare, disserere, pugnare, in the sense of dicere, and contra scribere (often contradico, in one word, in post-Aug. writers; esp. with dat.).
    a.
    Absol.
    (α).
    Contra dicere, to speak as counsel of the adversary, to plead his cause, in legal proceedings:

    cum contra dicturus Hortensius esset,

    would speak on the other side, Cic. Quint. 24, 77:

    hoc... contra dicente Cotta judicatum est,

    id. Caecin. 33, 97:

    dixisse ut contra nemo videretur,

    id. Brut. 53, 198: ut contra Crassus... exorsus est, began on the other side, id. ib. § 197.—Hence: qui contra dicit, the adversary or counsel of the adversary:

    contra autem qui dicet, similitudinem infirmare debebit,

    Cic. Inv. 2, 50, 151; id. Part. Or. 21, 108.—In the same sense: agens contra: si nos... impares agentium contra ingeniis dixerimus, that we are unequal to the talents of our adversary's counsel, [p. 453] Quint. 4, 1, 8.—
    (β).
    To make charges against (rare):

    si qui contra vellet dicere, usurum esse eum suo testimonio,

    Cic. Clu. 48, 134:

    qua ratione nemo neque tum item fecerit, neque nunc contra dicat,

    id. Quint. 29, 88; so,

    contra disputare, of objections to or against a witness: nihil contra disputabo priusquam dixerit,

    id. Fl. 21, 51.—
    (γ).
    In gen., to speak on the other side of a question:

    fiebat autem ita, ut cum is qui audire vellet dixisset quid sibi videretur, tum ego contra dicerem,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 4, 8; id. Fin. 2, 1, 2; so,

    contra disputare and contra scribere,

    id. Or. 1, 19, 85; Vitr. 3, 1, 6; Quint. 2, 17, 13; Dig. 9, 2, 21, § 1.—Hence: qui contra dicunt or disputant, the opponents:

    nec qui contra dicunt causam difficilem repellunt,

    Cic. Fin. 3, 1, 2:

    ad coarguendos qui contra disputant,

    to refule his opponents, Quint. 2, 15, 26.—
    (δ).
    To oppose or object to a proposition, motion, or petition:

    quam palam principes dixerunt contra!

    protested against it, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 16, § 41; Caes. B. C. 1, 32; Cic. Clu. 47, 130.—With pugnare:

    cum decerneretur frequenti senatu, contra pugnante Pisone, etc.,

    Cic. Att. 1, 14, 5:

    filius ejus incolumitatem optat: contradicit pater,

    the father objects, Quint. 9, 2, 85; 9, 2, 83; Plin. ap. Gell. 9, 16, 5; Cic. Dom. 33, 87:

    contradicente nullo,

    Suet. Caes. 20; Dig. 3, 3, 15.—
    (ε).
    To reply:

    contradixit edicto,

    answered by an edict, Suet. Aug. 56. —
    (ζ).
    Abl. absol. impers.:

    explorandum videtur an etiam contradicto aliquando judicio consuetudo firmata sit,

    whether the custom has been confirmed by judgment upon a judicial contest, Dig. 1, 3, 34.—
    b.
    With acc. neutr. pron., to object, to make or raise an objection, to reply; esp. in legal proceedings:

    ego enim, te disputante, quid contra dicerem meditabar,

    Cic. N. D. 3, 1, 1:

    ut contra si quid dicere velit non audiatur,

    id. Fin. 5, 10, 27:

    aiebat illum primo sane diu multa contra (i. e. dixisse), ad extremum autem, etc.,

    id. Att. 2, 22, 2.— Hence: quod contra dicitur, or quae contra dicuntur, the objections:

    ut et id quod intenderemus confirmare, et id quod contra diceretur refellere (possemus),

    refute the objections, Cic. de Or. 1, 20, 90:

    quia neque reprehendi quae contra dicuntur possunt, etc.,

    id. ib. 2, 81, 331; id. Inv. 2, 44, 127; Quint. 1, 2, 17.—In the same sense, as subst.: contrā dicta, orum, n. plur.:

    seu proposita confirmamus, sive contra dicta dissolvimus,

    or refute the objections, Quint. 4, prooem. 6.—With acc. and inf.:

    dicitur contra, nullum esse testamentum,

    the objection is made that there is no testament, Cic. Agr. 2, 6, 42.—
    c.
    With dat., written in one word (post-Aug.).
    (α).
    To oppose a person by speaking against his views:

    solitum se etiam Thraseae contradicere,

    to oppose even Thrasea, Tac. H. 2, 91:

    tibi,

    Suet. Aug. 54:

    Curioni...,

    id. Rhet. 1. —Hence of answers and replies in law: quid si filium testatoris heres ejus prohibuit? Huic contradici potest: ergo pietatis, etc., he may be answered by this plea, etc., Dig. 11, 7, 14, § 13.—And of advisory answers opposed to one's legal views:

    volenti mihi ream adulterii postulare eam, etc., contradictum est,

    my views were disapproved, rejected, Dig. 48, 5, 11, § 10.—
    (β).
    To oppose an opinion, with dat. of the thing:

    cum plures tantum sententiis aliorum contradicerent,

    opposed the opinions, Tac. H. 1, 39.—
    (γ).
    To object to a motion or petition, with dat. of the petitioner:

    patrem qui damnavit optat ne is torqueatur: pater ei contradicit,

    the father objects, Quint. 9, 2, 81:

    cum ambienti ut legibus solveretur multi contradicerent,

    Suet. Caes. 18; Dig. 40, 5, 14; 40, 12, 33.—
    (δ).
    With dat. of the petition:

    preces erant, sed quibus contradici non posset,

    which could not be denied, Tac. H. 4, 46 fin.; Dig. 3, 1, 1, § 2.—
    (ε).
    To contest the validity of a law (rare):

    quibus (legibus) contradici potest,

    Quint. 7, 7, 4.—
    (ζ).
    To contradict an assertion (very rare):

    pro certis autem habemus... cuicunque adversarius non contradicit,

    Quint. 5, 10, 13.—
    d.
    With quin, to object:

    praetor Samnitibus respondit... nec contra dici quin amicitia de integro reconcilietur,

    there was no objection to a reconciliation, Liv. 8, 2, 2.
    C.
    To one's disadvantage; mostly predic. with esse, unfavorable, adverse, damaging (post-Aug.;

    but cf. II. B. 2.): ut eum qui responsurus est vel tacere, vel etiam invitum id quod sit contra cogat fateri,

    Quint. 7, 3, 14:

    cum verba (legis) contra sint,

    id. 7, 1, 49:

    sed experimentum contra fuit,

    unsuccessful, Tac. H. 2, 97 fin.:

    ubi fortuna contra fuit,

    id. ib. 3, 18:

    si fortuna contra daret,

    should be unfavorable, id. ib. 1, 65 fin.; id. A. 15, 13.
    D.
    Of logical opposition, with negative force.
    1.
    Of a direct contrast.
    a.
    Predicatively, with esse, fieri, etc., the contrary, the opposite:

    quod fieri totum contra manifesta docet res,

    but experience teaches that just the contrary is true, Lucr. 3, 686; 4, 1088:

    in stultitia contra est,

    with fools the reverse is true, Cic. Clu. 31, 84:

    in hac quidem re vereor ne etiam contra (i. e. sit),

    id. Att. 12, 46; id. Off. 1, 15, 49:

    quod contra est,

    Sall. J. 85, 21:

    quis non credat, etc.? Contra autem est,

    Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 12; id. Ep. 7, 3; Dig. 37, 4, 4:

    contra fore si, etc.,

    ib. 34, 2, 39, § 2:

    immo forsitan et contra (i. e. erit),

    ib. 41, 3, 49:

    ego contra puto (i. e. esse),

    Plin. Ep. 1, 20, 7; Lampr. Alex. Sev. 25.—
    b.
    With evenire, accidere, sentire, scribere, habere, etc.:

    utrumque contra accidit: istic enim bellum est exortum, hic pax consecuta,

    of both the contrary has happened, Cic. Fam. 12, 18, 2; so Dig. 38, 2, 51:

    id ego contra puto (sc.: faciendum esse),

    id. Att. 10, 8, 2:

    contra evenit in iis morbis,

    Sen. Ep. 52, 7; Plin. 2, 65, 65, § 163:

    ego contra sentio,

    Sen. Clem. 1, 15, 5; Sedig. ap. Gell. 15, 24, 4; Dig. 40, 2, 25:

    Proculus contra (sc. sentit),

    ib. 35, 2, 1, § 14; 33, 7, 25:

    licet Celsus contra scribat,

    ib. 9, 2, 21, § 1: contra probatur, Gai Inst. 2, 78; Dig. 33, 7, 12, § 34.—Very rarely referring to a term in the same clause:

    cujus disparem mitioremque naturam contra interpretabatur,

    interpreted in an opposite sense, misinterpreted, misunderstood, Tac. H. 4, 86 fin. —
    c.
    Referring to a word or phrase in the same predicate.
    (α).
    To an adverb, in an opposite manner, otherwise, differently, not, etc.:

    nam ad summam totius rei pertinet, caute an contra demonstrata res sit,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 81, 330: quod viriliter animoque fit, id, etc.;

    quod contra, id turpe,

    id. Off. 1, 27, 94:

    sit sapienter usus aut contra,

    Quint. 2, 5, 15:

    lactuca locis apricis optume autumno ponitur, mediterraneis aut frigidis contra ( = pessime),

    Col. 11, 3, 25.—
    (β).
    To a predicative adjective, not, the opposite, the reverse, etc.:

    ut aliae (res) probabiles videantur aliae contra,

    improbable, Cic. Ac. 2, 32, 103; id. Off. 2, 2, 7:

    quid est quod me impediat ea quae probabilia mihi videantur sequi, quae contra, improbare,

    id. ib. 2, 2, 8; id. Or. 2, 31, 135; Quint. 4, 2, 52.—
    (γ).
    To a verbal predicate:

    an frater fratri exsistat heres, an contra ( = annon),

    Dig. 34, 5, 19.—
    (δ).
    To a subject infinitive:

    laudare testem vel contra pertinet ad momentum judiciorum,

    praising or censuring a witness, Quint. 3, 7, 2.—
    (ε).
    To a clause, translated by not or by a repetition of the clause with a negative:

    quae secundum naturam essent, ea sumenda et quadam aestimatione dignanda docebat, contraque contraria,

    those that were not, not, Cic. Ac. 1, 10, 36: quod cuidam aut sapiens videor quod una non jerim, aut felix fuisse;

    mihi contra,

    id. Att. 9, 12, 4: an credibile est, incestum cum filia commissum? Et contra, veneficum in noverca, adulterum in luxurioso? and incredible, etc., Quint. 5, 10, 19; so Dig. 9, 1, 2, § 1.—
    (ζ).
    To an attributive genitive:

    Marius cognoscere quid boni utrisque or contra esset (i. e. mali),

    Sall. J. 88, 2:

    verum de origine laudis contraque perspiciemus suo tempore (i. e. vituperationis),

    Quint. 2, 4, 21:

    alii a propositione accusatoris contraque loci oriuntur,

    the accuser and the accused, id. 7, 2, 31;

    so in several titles of the Digests, as Depositi vel contra, = actio depositi, vel contraria actio depositarii,

    Dig. 16, 3 tit.; so ib. 16, 17, 1; 16, 13, 6; 16, 13, 7.—
    2.
    Reversing the relation of terms in the preceding sentence, the reverse, conversely, vice versa, etc.
    a.
    With its own predicate: saepe... corpus aegret, Cum tamen ex alia laetamur parte latenti;

    Et retro fit uti contra sit saepe vicissim, Cum miser ex animo laetatur corpore toto,

    Lucr. 3, 108: illa altera argumentatio, quasi retro et contra, prius sumit, etc., ( proceeding), so to speak, backward and in inverted order, Cic. Part. Or. 13, 46: neque illud ignoro, etc.; sed non idem accidit contra, but the converse is not true, Quint. 8, 6, 3; Gell. 4, 2, 5: ut vocabula verbis, verba rursus adverbiis, nomina appositis et pronominibus essent priora. Nam fit contra quoque frequenter non indecore. for often, not inelegantly, the order is reversed, Quint. 9, 4, 24:

    quae etiam contra valent,

    i. e. if the terms are reversed, id. 3, 7, 25; 9, 2, 49; 8, 6, 25; 9, 4, 72.—
    b.
    Belonging to the same predicate:

    ut quidque erit dicendum ita dicet, nec satura jejune, nec grandia minute, nec item contra,

    Cic. Or. 36, 123:

    cum emtor venditori, vel contra, heres exstitit,

    Dig. 35, 2, 48:

    in quibus patrium pro possessivo dicitur, vel contra,

    Quint. 1, 5, 45; 5, 10, 71:

    junguntur autem aut ex nostro et peregrino, ut biclinium, aut contra, ut epitogium et Anticato,

    id. 1, 5, 68:

    ut capras in montosis potius locis quam in herbidis (pascar), equas contra,

    but with mares the reverse is the case, Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 16:

    itaque ille dicere melius quam praecipere, nos contra fortasse possumus,

    Cic. Or. 42, 143:

    qua collegi solent ex his quae faciunt ea quae faciuntur, aut contra,

    or vice versa, Quint. 5, 10, 80; Dig. 14, 1, 1, § 12; 48, 5, 23, § 4.
    E.
    In logical antithesis of clauses with a merely rhet. force, on the contrary, on the other hand, vice versa; sometimes almost = sed or autem (freq.).
    1.
    In independent clauses.
    a.
    Opposing persons or parties: fortunam insanam esse... perhibent philosophi... Sunt autem alii philosophi qui contra Fortunam negant ullam exstare, Pac. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 23, 36 (Trag. Rel. v. 372 Rib.); Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68; Varr. R. R. 1, 8, 1:

    ego etiam quae tu sine Verre commisisti Verri crimini daturus sum... Tu, contra, ne quae ille quidem fecit, obicies,

    Cic. Div. in Caecil. 11, 35:

    ego contra ostendo, non modo nihil fecisse Sex. Roscium, sed, etc.,

    id. Rosc. Am. 29, 79; id. Phil. 8, 3, 8; id. Off. 1, 30, 108; id. Fin. 5, 22, 62:

    in Italia bellum gerimus, in sede ac solo nostro... Hannibal contra in aliena, in hostili est terra,

    Liv. 22, 39, 13; 21, 50, 2; 3, 15, 2; 6, 7, 4; 9, 35, 4 et saep.; Nep. Alcib. 8, 1; Vell. 2, 31, 4; Sen. Ep. 9, 14; id. Ira, 2, 33, 6; Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 113; Tac. H. 3, 84; 3, 57; Suet. Tib. 2; id. Vit. 2; Just. 2, 1, 10; 8, 4, 11:

    contra mercator, navim jactantibus austris Militia est potior?

    Hor. S. 1, 1, 6; 1, 2, 30; 1, 3, 27; Prop. 2, 1, 45; 2, 23, 13 (3, 17, 3); Sen. Hippol. 214;

    so with versa vice: barbarae gentes (Alexandrum) non ut hostem, sed ut parentem luxerunt... Contra Macedones versa vice non ut civem, sed ut hostem amissum gaudebant,

    Just. 13, 1, 7.—
    b.
    Introducing a secondary or parallel opposition of thought: in loco umidiore far potius serunt quam triticum;

    contra in aridiore hordeum potius quam far,

    Varr. R. R. 1, 9, 4; 1, 1, 47: si nihil esset quod inane vocaret, Omne foret solidum;

    nisi contra corpora certe Essent, etc., Omne quod est spatium vacuum constaret inane,

    Lucr. 1, 521; 4, 348; cf.:

    justa omnia decora sunt, injusta contra, ut turpia, sic indecora,

    Cic. Off. 1, 27, 94; id. N. D. 2, 15, 41; id. de Or. 3, 33, 136; id. Quint. 30, 93: id. Off. 3, 21, 84; id. Leg. 2, 1, 2: facilem esse rem... si modo unum omnes sentiant; contra in dissensione nullam se salutem perspicere, Caes. B. G, 5, 31; Liv. 25, 30, 3; Sen. Ben. 1, 5, 2; Plin. 12, 19, 42, § 92; 11, 14, 14, § 35; Suet. Caes. 73; Gell. 1, 4, 5:

    si male rem gerere insani est, contra bene, sani,

    Hor. S. 2, 3, 74.—
    2.
    In opposition to a dependent clause:

    ut hi miseri, sic contra illi beati quos, etc.,

    Cic. Tusc. 5, 6, 16; so id. de Or. 1, 45, 198; Quint. 9, 3, 39:

    cui ego rei tantum abest ut impedimento sim, ut contra te M. Manli adhorter, etc.,

    Liv. 6, 15, 5; 6, 31, 4:

    cum virtus adeo neminem spe ac pollicitatione corrumpat, ut contra in se inpendere jubeat, ac, etc.,

    Sen. Ben. 4, 1, 2: aut igitur negemus quidquam ratione confici, cum contra nihil sine ratione recte fieri possit, aut, etc., whereas on the contrary, etc., Cic. Tusc. 4, 38, 84; cf.:

    at contra,

    Lucr. 2, 392.—
    3.
    With co-ordinate conjunctions.
    a.
    Copulative, et contra or contraque (never with ac or atque); also nec contra (rare), and on the other hand.
    (α).
    With reference to a reason or conclusion, after nam, enim, cum, or itaque: nam et ratione uti... omnique in re quid sit veri videre et tueri decet, contraque falli [p. 454]... tam dedecet quam, etc., Cic. Off. 1, 27, 94:

    malus est enim custos... metus, contraque benevolentia fidelis,

    id. ib. 2, 7, 23:

    cum reficiat animos varietas ipsa, contraque sit aliquanto difficilius in labore uno perseverare,

    Quint. 1, 12, 4; 3, 8, 32; 8, 6, 20:

    itaque in probris maxime in promptu est, si quid tale dici potest, etc. Contraque in laudibus, etc.,

    Cic. Off. 1, 18, 61; cf. Suet. Calig. 51; so with nec:

    nam nec comoedia cothurnis assurgit, nec contra tragoedia socculo ingreditur,

    Quint. 10, 2, 22.—
    (β).
    With contrasted examples or illustrations, often after ut or sic:

    audivi ex majoribus natu, hoc idem fuisse in P. Scipione Nasica, contraque patrem ejus... nullam comitatem habuisse sermonis,

    Cic. Off. 1, 30, 109:

    ut suspitionibus credi oportere, et contra suspitionibus credi non oportere,

    id. Inv. 2, 15, 48; Quint. 8, 4, 1; 5, 10, 48; 9, 3, 7; 9, 4, 52; 11, 1, 14; Sen. Ep. 82, 14; Dig. 17, 1, 22, § 4.—
    (γ).
    With contrasted actions, assumptions, etc.:

    atque utinam qui ubique sunt propugnatores hujus imperii possent in hanc civitatem venire, et contra oppugnatores rei publicae de civitate exterminari!

    Cic. Balb. 22, 51:

    domo pignori data, et area ejus tenebitur... et contra jus soli sequitur aedificium,

    Dig. 13, 7, 21:

    equo et asina genitos mares, hinnos antiqui vocabant: contraque mulos quos asini et equae generassent,

    Plin. 8, 44, 69, § 17: ceterum potest ex lege quidem esse judicium, sed legitimum non esse, et contra ex lege non esse, sed legitimum esse, Gai Inst. 4, 109; Plin. 2, 65, 65, § 161; 35, 15, 5, § 183.—
    (δ).
    After a negative clause, affirming the opposite idea, et contra or contraque, but on the contrary:

    in quo (consulatu) ego imperavi nihil, et contra patribus conscriptis et bonis omnibus parui,

    Cic. Sull. 7, 21:

    nunc vero cum ne pulsus quidem ita sim ut superare non possim, contraque a populo Romano semper sim defensus, etc.,

    id. Dom. 33, 88; id. Fin. 2, 17, 55; id. Marcell. 6, 20; so,

    et contra,

    Suet. Tit. 7.—
    b.
    With adversative conjunctions, at contra, sed contra, contra autem, contra vero (not verum contra, nor contra tamen).
    (α).
    At contra (freq.), merely a strengthened contra (v. 1. supra): huc accedit uti mellis lactisque liquores Jucundo sensu linguae tractentur in ore;

    At contra taetri absinthi natura... foedo pertorqueat ora sapore,

    Lucr. 2, 400:

    cogunt,

    id. 2, 74; 1, 366; 2, 235 et saep.: nos qui domi sumus, tibi beati videmur;

    at contra nobis tu quidem... prae nobis beatus,

    Cic. Fam. 4, 4, 2; id. Tusc. 1, 3, 5; id. Rosc. Am. 45, 131; id. Verr. 2, 5, 26, § 66; Sall. J. 36, 2; 4, 7; 15, 3; id. C. 12, 5:

    ideo siccas aiunt Aethiopiae solitudines... At contra constat Germaniam abundare rivis,

    Sen. Q. N. 3, 6, 2; 1, 3, 1; id. Ep. 100, 7; Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 186; Suet. Galb. 15; Tac. A. 4, 28.—
    (β).
    Sed contra, after a negative sentence (class.):

    non quo acui ingenia adulescentium nollem, sed contra ingenia obtundi nolui,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 24, 93; id. Att. 9, 15, 3; id. Ac. 1, 10, 35; id. Fl. 11, 26:

    arma populi Romani non liberis servitutem, sed contra servientibus libertatem adferre,

    Liv. 45, 18, 1:

    tu ne cede malis, sed contra audentior ito,

    Verg. A. 6, 95; Plin. Ep. 1, 10, 12.—PostAug. also without a preceding negation:

    obiisse nostro Laium scelere autumant superi inferique: sed animus contra innocens... negat,

    Sen. Oedip. 765; Symm. Ep. 6, 81.—
    (γ).
    Contra autem (rare;

    in Cic. only where different subjects have contrasted predicates in dependent clauses): quia pacis est insigne toga, contra autem arma tumultus atque belli,

    Cic. Pis. 30, 73.—In later writers = contra alone:

    sub septemtrione aedificia... conversa ad calidas partes oportere fieri videntur. Contra autem sub impetu solis meridiani regionibus conversa ad septemtrionem... sunt facienda,

    Vitr. 6, 1, 2; Gell. 14, 2, 19; Dig. 7, 1, 25, § 3; 34, 3, 25.—
    (δ).
    Contra vero (very rare;

    not in Cic.), used for contra: contra vero quercus infinitam habet aeternitatem,

    Vitr. 2, 9, 8; 6, 1, 3; Cels. 3, 6 fin. —
    (ε).
    Atqui contra, App. Mag. p. 287, 24.—
    c.
    With disjunctive conjunctions, aut contra, vel contra, seu contra, or on the contrary, or conversely (always without change of subject).
    (α).
    Aut contra:

    num aut scriptum neget, aut contra factum infitietur?

    Cic. Part. Or. 38, 133: quae (mens) aut languescit... aut contra tumescit, etc., Quint. 1, 2, 18:

    si imbres defuere, aut contra abundavere,

    Plin. 17, 24, 37, § 228.—
    (β).
    Vel contra:

    hinc enim quaestiones oriuntur: Injuriam fecisti, sed quia magistratus, majestatis actio est? Vel contra: Licuit... quia magistratus?

    Quint. 5, 10, 40; 9, 4, 96; Suet. Galb. 3; Dig. 35, 2, 56, § 4; 8, 4, 6.—
    (γ).
    Seu contra:

    seu tristis veniam, seu contra laetus amicis,

    Prop. 1, 11, 25.—
    d.
    With causal conjunctions, nam contra (very rare;

    never contra enim): falso queritur de natura sua genus humanum quod, etc. Nam contra, reputando, neque majus aliud, neque praestabilius invenies,

    Sall. J. 1, 1; Quint. 1, 1, 1; 9, 2, 23. —
    4.
    In late Lat., e contra (also one word, ēcontrā) = contra,
    (α).
    In the meaning, the contrary (D. 1.):

    aliis vero econtra videtur,

    Hier. Ep. 12.—
    (β).
    Et econtra = et contra (E. 3. a.):

    honestiorum provectu et econtra suppliciis,

    Aur. Vict. Caes. 39, 45.—For quod contra, v. II. E. 1. c.—
    5.
    With emphatic particles.
    a.
    Quin contra, nay on the contrary, opposing an affirmative sentence to a preceding negative statement (quin etiam amplifies without opposition; sed contra opposes without amplification; quin contra both opposes and amplifies);

    not before Livy: num qui enim socordius rempublicam administrari post Calvi tribunatum... quam? etc. Quin contra patricios aliquot damnatos... neminem plebeium,

    Liv. 6, 37, 8; 31, 31, 9; 35, 26, 10; 37, 15, 3.—
    b.
    Immo contra (post-Aug.).
    (α).
    = no, on the contrary, refuting opinions, after questions and in the form of a dialogue:

    existimas nunc me detrahere tibi multas voluptates?... Immo contra, nolo tibi umquam deesse laetitiam,

    Sen. Ep. 23, 3; Dig. 33, 7, 5; 33, 7, 29.—
    (β).
    = sed contra, but on the contrary:

    proinde ne submiseris te, immo contra fige stabilem gradum,

    Sen. Cons. Marc. 5, 6; id. Cons. Polyb. 15, 2; cf. prep.:

    immo contra ea,

    Liv. 41, 24, 8; cf. II. E. 1. b. infra.—
    c.
    Item contra = an emphatic et contra (very rare):

    quoniam... beate vivere alii in alio, vos in voluptate ponitis, item contra miseriam in dolore, etc.,

    Cic. Fin. 2, 27, 86; cf. I. A. 3. g supra.
    F.
    With a comparative clause introduced by ac, atque, or quam, representing a logical or moral opposition (contra atque debuit = non ita ut debuit; cf. Cic. Or. 3, 19, 70); cf. prep., II. C. 3. g, and II. E. 2. infra.
    1.
    Of logical opposition, contrary to, different from, otherwise than; in the best prose only with atque or ac.
    (α).
    With atque:

    item, contra atque apud nos, fieri ad Elephantinem ut neque ficus neque vites amittant folia,

    Varr. R. R. 1, 7, 6:

    simulacrum Jovis, contra atque ante fuerat, ad orientem convertere,

    Cic. Cat. 3, 8, 20; id. Sull. 24, 69:

    judicium suscepturos contra atque omnis Italia populusque Romanus judicavisset,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 12; id. B. G. 4, 13; Plin. 12, 19, 43, § 95.—
    (β).
    With ac:

    itaque contra est ac dicitis,

    Cic. Fin. 4, 15, 41:

    vides, omnia fere contra ac dicta sint evenisse,

    id. Div. 2, 24, 53; so id. Verr. 2, 4, 6, § 11; id. Or. 40, 137:

    cum contra ac Deiotarus sensit victoria belli judicaret,

    id. Phil. 11, 13, 34:

    Petreius ubi videt, Catilinam, contra ac ratus erat, magna vi tendere, etc.,

    Sall. C. 60, 5.—
    (γ).
    With ac and atque:

    si denique aliquid non contra ac liceret factum diceretur, sed contra atque oporteret,

    Cic. Balb. 3, 7.—
    (δ).
    With quam (post-Aug.):

    cui contra quam proposuerat aliqua cesserunt,

    Sen. Ira, 3, 6, 5; Plin. 10, 53, 74, § 149; 11, 21, 24, § 72; Gell. 6 (7), 8, 6:

    contra quam licet,

    id. 1, 3, 19; Sil. 15, 107.—
    2.
    Of moral opposition of acts contrary to rules and principles (cf. II. 3. g infra); so always with quam:

    mater Aviti, generi sui, contra quam fas erat, amore capta,

    contrary to the divine law, Cic. Clu. 5, 12:

    ut senatus, contra quam ipse censuisset, ad vestitum rediret,

    contrary to its own resolution, id. Pis. 8, 18:

    contra quam ista causa postulasset,

    id. Caecin. 24, 67:

    contra quam sanctum legibus est,

    Liv. 30, 19, 9; Cic. Leg. 2, 5, 11; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 1, § 2; id. Dom. 46, 122:

    contraque faciunt quam polliceri videntur,

    Auct. Her. 4, 3, 6; Cic. de Or. 2, 20, 86.
    II.
    Prep. with acc., before, against, facing, towards, opposite to, contrary to (acc. to many scholars not ante-class.; cf. Hand, Turs. II. p. 108; but found Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 24 Fleck., a line omitted by Lorenz as a gloss; id. Pers. 1, 1, 13 Ritschl; Att. ap. Non. p. 469, 15, or Trag. Rel. v. 476 Rib.; cf. also Plaut. Poen. 5, 6, 18; Cato, R. R. 18, 1, and v. I. A. 1. a. b, and I. A. 1. b. a supra).
    A.
    Local uses.
    1.
    Opposite, over against, facing.
    a.
    Of countries and places (mostly of those separated by water;

    adversus and e regione mostly of places opposite by land): insulae natura triquetra, cujus unum latus est contra Galliam,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 13; 3, 9; 4, 20:

    ad insulam quae est contra Massiliam,

    id. B. C. 1, 56; 3, 23:

    Rhodios, pacatis contra insulam suam terris, etc.,

    Liv. 37, 15, 7; 3, 26, 8:

    Carthago Italiam contra,

    Verg. A. 1, 13; 5, 124; Ov. M. 14, 17:

    insulae quae contra Tauri promuntorium inopportune navigantibus objacent, Chelidoniae nominantur,

    Mel. 2, 7; Plin. 3, 26, 30, § 151; 6, 28, 32, § 152; 5, 7, 7, § 41; Tac. A. 3, 1; id. H. 2, 17.—
    b.
    Of the heavenly bodies:

    donique (luna) eum (sc. solem) contra pleno bene lumine fulsit,

    Lucr. 5, 708:

    contra Volucris rostrum posita est Lyra,

    Vitr. 9, 4, 5; Sen. Q. N. 1, 5, 9; 1, 8, 3; Plin. 2, 31, 31, § 99; 5, 10, 10, § 56.—So, tertium (latus Britanniae) est contra septem triones, opposite ( facing); hence, contra meridiem and contra ortus (instead of ad or adversus meridiem, etc.), facing the south and east, Plin. 6, 24, 24, § 85; 17, 2, 2, § 22. —So of a person standing in the sunlight:

    cum minima umbra (i. e. a sole) contra medium fiet hominem,

    Plin. 18, 33, 76, § 327; cf.:

    contra mediam faciem meridies erit,

    id. 18, 33, 76, § 326.—
    c.
    Of opposite ends of a line.
    (α).
    Of the diameter of the earth: esse e regione nobis e contraria parte terrae qui adversis vestigiis stent contra nostra vestigia, quos antipodas vocatis, Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123.—
    (β).
    Of a line drawn:

    contra autem E littera I erit ubi secat circinationem linea,

    opposite the point E will be the letter I, Vitr. 9, 7, 4.—
    d.
    Of buildings, etc.:

    contra hoc aviarium est aliud minus in quo quae mortuae sunt aves curator servare solet,

    Varr. R. R. 3, 5, 5; Vitr. 5, 6, 3; 3, 5, 15:

    (statuam) quae fuerit contra Jovis Statoris aedem in vestibulo Superbi domus,

    Plin. 34, 6, 13, § 29:

    contra medium fere porticum diaeta paulum recedit,

    Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 20; 2, 17, 5; Suet. Aug. 44.—
    e.
    Of places on the human body:

    id quod contra stomachum est,

    Cels. 4, 5 (4, 12 med.); 7, 7;

    4, 20 (13).—Of the direction of the intestines, etc.: ea... contra medium alvum orsa,

    Cels. 4, 1 fin. —
    2.
    Of actions, opposite, towards, against, facing (syn.:

    adversus, ad, e regione,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 61).
    a.
    In gen.:

    quamvis subito... quamque Rem contra speculum ponas, apparet imago,

    Lucr. 4, 156: Democritus... clipeum constituit contra exortum Hyperionis, Laber. ap. Gell. 10, 17, 4:

    et contra magnum potes hos (i.e. oculos) attollere solem, Nec tremis...?

    Prop. 1, 15, 37; Col. 7, 3, 8:

    rex constiterat contra pedites,

    Curt. 10, 9, 13; 9, 5, 1:

    ne contra septentrionem paveris,

    Plin. 18, 33, 76, § 330; 28, 6, 19, § 69:

    contra solem varie refulgens,

    placed in the sun, id. 37, 10, 63, § 173; 10, 54, 75, § 151; 37, 6, 22, § 83;

    37, 7, 25, § 95: cum terrestres volucres contra aquam clangores dabunt,

    id. 18, 35, 87, § 363; 19, 8, 39, § 131.—
    b.
    Dependent on verbs of motion (very rare without the idea of hostility):

    (Dinocrates) incessit contra tribunal regis jus dicentis,

    towards, Vitr. 2, praef. 1.—So trop., of actions done for a purpose:

    lege Cornelia de sicariis tenetur qui, cum in magistratu esset, eorum quid fecerit contra hominis necem quod legibus permissum non sit,

    Dig. 48, 8, 4.—
    c.
    Appositively, with the predicate: (elephanti) tanta narratur clementia contra minus validos, ut, etc., if fronting weaker animals, if brought in contact with them (not to be connected with clementia), Plin. 8, 7, 7, § 23.—Similarly: dum... fidens non est contra feram, if fronting the animal (not dependent on fidens), Plin. 8, 16, 21, § 57.—
    d.
    Against an opposing action, etc.:

    contra vim atque impetum fluminis conversa,

    Caes. B. G. 4, 17, 5:

    cum plateae contra directos ventos erunt conformatae,

    Vitr. 1, 6, 8:

    ut contra ventum gregem pascamus,

    Col. 7, 3, 12; Sen. Q. N. 2, 31, 2; Plin. 29, 3, 12, § 52; 17, 2, 2, § 21; 8, 16, 21, § 54:

    contra fluminum impetus aggeribus,

    id. 35, 14, 48, § 169:

    capite in sole contra pilum peruncto,

    id. 27, 4, 5, § 17; 18, 35, 88, § 364; Varr. ap. Plin. 7, 20, 19, § 83; Sil. 14, 352; Dig. 9, 2, 29, § 4. [p. 455] — Trop.:

    contra fortunam tenendus est cursus,

    Sen. Prov. 5, 9.—Prov.:

    contra stimulum calces,

    kick against the pricks, Isid. Orig. 1, 36, 28 (al. calcitres); cf. Amm. 18, 5, 1.—
    e.
    Of local actions with hostile intent.
    (α).
    Lit.:

    quae vis Coclitem contra omnes hostium copias tenuit?

    Cic. Par. 1, 2, 12:

    Pompeium Cartejae receptum scribis: jam igitur contra hunc exercitum (sc. constitit),

    id. Att. 15, 20, 3:

    pertimescam, credo, ne mihi non liceat contra vos in contione consistere,

    to face you, id. Agr. 1, 8, 25; Lepidus ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 34, 1; Caes. B. C. 1, 26:

    a fronte contra hostem pedum quindecim fossam fieri jussit,

    id. ib. 1, 41; 1, 42; id. B. G. 7, 62:

    Tullus adversus Veientem hostem derigit suos: Albanos contra legionem Fidenatium collocat,

    Liv. 1, 27, 5; 24, 41, 5; 38, 4, 5; Verg. A. 12, 279; Front. Strat. 2, 2, 13; 2, 3, 17.—Appositively, with a local verb understood:

    terribilis haec contra fugientes belua est, fugax contra insequentes,

    i. e. if fronting, if placed opposite, Plin. 8, 25, 38, § 92.—
    (β).
    Trop.:

    castra sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in Etruriae faucibus collocata,

    Cic. Cat. 1, 2, 5; id. Mil. 1, 2; Quint. 7, 7, 5:

    tum contra hanc Romam illa altera Roma quaeretur,

    will be as a rival against this Rome, Cic. Agr. 2, 22, 86:

    cui rationi contra homines barbaros atque imperitos locus fuisset, hac ne ipsum quidem sperare, etc.,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 40:

    (Cicero) plerumque contra inimicos atque obtrectatores plus vindicat sibi,

    when fronting adversaries, Quint. 11, 1, 23.—
    f.
    In partic.
    (α).
    Stare contra aliquem (opp. stare ab aliquo); usu. implying hostility; mostly trop., to stand against, to be arrayed against, to face, oppose:

    quod contra hoc exemplum nulla staret eorum ratio,

    Auct. Her. 4, 5, 7:

    contra populi studium,

    Cic. Brut. 34, 126:

    contra civium perditorum... dementiam a senatu et a bonorum causa,

    id. ib. 79, 273; so,

    a mendacio contra veritatem,

    id. Inv. 1, 3, 4:

    contra cives in acie,

    id. Att. 16, 11, 2:

    et adversi contra stetit ora juvenci,

    opposite, Verg. A. 5, 477; 5, 414:

    haec enim (ratio) sola... stat contra fortunam,

    Sen. Ep. 14, 4, 2: contra leonem etiam stetit, fronted, i. e. hunted, Spart. Carac. 5 fin. —
    (β).
    Contra aliquem ire:

    aut saevos Libyae contra ire leones,

    Stat. Th. 9, 16.— Trop.:

    uti contra injurias armati eatis,

    Sall. J. 31, 6:

    interritus (sapiens) et contra illa (mala) ibit et inter illa,

    Sen. Ep. 59, 8; cf.: contra venire, II. B. 1. c. b infra, and v. also II. B. 2. b. and II. B. 1. b. infra.—
    3.
    Transf.,
    a.
    To persons placed together for comparison:

    C. vero Caesar, si foro tantum vacasset, non alius ex nostris contra Ciceronem nominaretur,

    Quint. 10, 1, 114:

    CORONATO CONTRA OMNES SCAENICOS,

    Inscr. Grut. p. 331, n. 4.—
    b.
    To things compared, as if weighed against each other as to their value, strength, etc.
    (α).
    Lit. (very rare):

    quamcunque vis rem expende, et contra aquam statue... Si gravior est, leviorem rem... feret, etc.,

    Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 5.—
    (β).
    Prop.:

    cujus (i. e. generis humani) causa videtur cuncta alia genuisse natura, magna saeva mercede contra tanta sua munera,

    Plin. 7, 1, 1, § 1:

    qui amicus esse coepit quia expedit, placebit ei aliquod pretium contra amicitiam,

    Sen. Ep. 9, 9:

    numquam ulli fortiores cives fuerunt quam qui ausi sunt eum contra tantas opes ejus... condemnare,

    Cic. Fam. 7, 2, 3:

    tantum studium bonorum in me exstitisse, contra incredibilem contentionem clarissimi et potentissimi viri,

    id. ib. 7, 2, 2; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 9, 3:

    nomen prorogans nostrum et memoriam extendens contra brevitatem aevi,

    as a compensation for, Plin. 2, 63, 63, § 154.—So esp., valere contra, to weigh against, counterbalance, avail or prevail against: non vereor ne meae vitae modestia parum valitura sit contra falsos rumores, Matius ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 8:

    (illa facta) pro periculo potius quam contra salutem valere debere,

    Cic. Part. Or. 35, 120; id. Off. 3, 29, 104:

    contrane lucrum nil valere Pauperis ingenium?

    Hor. Epod. 11, 11; Sen. Ben. 4, 15, 1; id. Cons. Helv. 5, 5; so,

    robur habere contra: si contra unamquamlibet partem fortunae satis tibi roboris est,

    id. ib. 13, 2;

    so of counterchecks: in Creta decem qui cosmoe vocantur, ut contra consulare imperium tribuni plebis, sic illi contra vim regiam constituti,

    Cic. Rep. 2, 33, 58.—Of antidotes: cimicum natura contra serpentium morsus valere dicitur, item contra venena omnia, Plin. 29, 4, 17, § 61.—Hence,
    c.
    Colloq., aliquid contra aurum est, something is worth gold, is superb, both predicatively and attributively (cf.: auro contra, I. A. 2. supra): hujusce pomaria in summa Sacra Via ubi poma veneunt, contra aurum imago, a spectacle for gold, i. e. a magnificent sight, Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 10 MSS. (al. aliter):

    numcubi hic vides citrum... num quod emblema aut lithostratum? quae illic omnia contra aurum,

    superb, id. ib. 3, 2, 4 MSS. (Schneid. omits aurum, ex conj.):

    oneravi vinum, et tunc erat contra aurum,

    Petr. 7, 6.—
    d.
    Transf., of replies, with aiebat, inquit, etc.; both in friendly and inimical sense; esp., contra ea, contra haec, = the adv. contra:

    contra ea Titurius sero facturos clamitabat, etc.,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 29:

    contra ea Verginius unum Ap. Claudium et legum expertem et, etc., aiebat,

    Liv. 3, 57, 1; 24, 45, 4:

    quae contra breviter fata est vates,

    Verg. A. 6, 398:

    contra quod disertus Tu impie fecisti inquit, etc.,

    Quint. 7, 1, 53 (cf.: contra ea, II. E. 1. infra).
    B.
    Denoting hostility or disadvantage.
    1.
    With verbs of hostile action.
    a.
    Of physical exertion:

    pugnavere et tertio consulatu ejus viginti (elephanti) contra pedites quingentos,

    Plin. 8, 7, 7, § 22:

    proelium Afri contra Aegyptios primi fecere fustibus,

    id. 7, 56, 57, § 200; 8, 40, 61, § 142. —
    b.
    Referring to warfare (usu. adversus), bellum gerere (rarely for cum or adversus; but contra patriam, contra aras, etc., not cum patria, etc.; cf.

    bellum, II. A. 1. e.): a quo prohibitos esse vos contra Caesarem gerere bellum (opp. pro),

    Cic. Lig. 8, 25; id. Phil. 5, 10, 27; Liv. Ep. 129.—With bellum suscipere:

    contra Antonium,

    Cic. Phil. 8, 2, 5; so,

    contra patriam,

    id. Sull. 20, 58:

    pugnare contra patriam,

    id. ib. 25, 70:

    contra conjuges et liberos,

    Sen. Ben. 5, 15, 5:

    armatum esse contra populum Romanum,

    Cic. Prov. Cons. 13, 32.—With arma ferre (freq.), Cic. Phil. 2, 29, 72; 13, 21, 47; Liv. 28, 28, 15; Nep. Att. 4, 2; Tib. 1, 6, 30; Ov. M. 4, 609; 13, 269; id. P. 1, 1, 26.—With arma sumere or capere, Cic. Rab. Perd. 6, 19; id. Phil. 4, 1, 2; 4, 3, 7:

    armis contendere contra,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 13:

    arma alicui dare (trop.),

    Cic. Phil. 2, 21, 53:

    aciem instruere (trop.),

    Liv. 25, 4, 4:

    exercitum comparare,

    Cic. Phil. 3, 6, 14; 4, 1, 2:

    exercitum instruere,

    id. Cat. 2, 11, 24:

    exercitum ducere and adducere,

    id. Phil. 4, 2, 5; 3, 4, 11:

    exercitum contra Philippum mittere,

    id. Inv. 1, 12, 17:

    naves ducere contra,

    Hor. Epod. 4, 19:

    ducere contra hostes,

    Liv. 1, 27, 4:

    florem Italiae educere contra,

    Cic. Cat. 2, 11, 24:

    proficisci contra,

    to march against, Liv. 1, 11, 3; 8, 2, 5:

    auxilium ferre Rutulis contra Latinos,

    Plin. 14, 12, 14, § 88:

    juvare aliquem contra,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 35:

    consilium inire contra Sequanos,

    to take hostile measures against, id. B. G. 6, 12.—
    c.
    Of legal contention (more freq. adversus, except with verbs of saying).
    (α).
    In gen., with agere or causam agere, to act as counsel against a party or his attorney:

    cum agerem contra hominem disertissimum nostrae civitatis,

    Cic. Caecin. 33, 97; id. Brut. 63, 226; Sen. Ben. 4, 15, 3; Quint. 11, 1, 59.—Causam recipere or suscipere contra, to accept a retainer against:

    (causam) quam receperam contra pueros Octavios,

    Cic. Att. 13, 49, 1; Quint. 6, 1, 12; Plin. Ep. 4, 17, 1.—Adesse alicui contra, to appear, act as one's counsel against:

    rogavit me Caecilius ut adessem contra Satrium,

    Cic. Att. 1, 1, 3; Plin. Ep. 1, 7, 5 al.; cf.:

    esse contra,

    id. ib. 1, 18, 3.— Trop.: conquesturus venit;

    at contra se adfuit et satisfacienti satisfecit,

    Sen. Fragm. Amic. 14, 1, 89:

    causam defendere contra,

    against the accuser, Cic. de Or. 1, 39, 178:

    statuere contra aliquem (sc. causam),

    to establish a case against an adversary, id. Or. 10, 34:

    actio competit contra,

    Dig. 49, 14, 41:

    querelam instituere contra,

    ib. 5, 2, 21, § 1:

    bonorum possessionem petere contra,

    ib. 5, 2, 23:

    jus obtinere contra,

    Cic. Quint. 9, 34:

    pugnare contra,

    to struggle against the accuser, id. Sull. 17, 49; id. Verr. 1, 11, 33:

    id quod mihi contra illos datum est,

    i. e. a local advantage over, id. Tull. 14, 33:

    judicare contra aliquem,

    id. Fl. 20, 48; Dig. 21, 2, 55; 5, 2, 14; Just. Inst. 4, 17, 2:

    pronuntiare contra,

    Paul. Sent. 5, 34, 2: dare sententiam contra, Dig. 21, 2, 56, § 1:

    decernere contra,

    Cic. Fl. 31, 76:

    appellare contra aliquem,

    Dig. 49, 1, 3; 49, 5, 6; cf.:

    contra sententiam,

    Cod. Just. 7, 62, 32, § 2.—Sentire contra aliquem, to have an opinion unfavorable to:

    cur vos (cum) aliquid contra me sentire dicatis, etc.,

    Cic. Caecin. 27, 79.—
    (β).
    Venire contra aliquem, to appear as counsel for one's adversary:

    quid tu, Saturi, qui contra hunc venis, existimas aliter?

    Cic. Rosc. Com. 6, 18; id. Mur. 4, 9; id. Phil. 8, 6, 18.—Venire contra rem alicujus, to give advice damaging one's interests:

    contra rem suam me venisse questus est,

    Cic. Phil. 2, 2, 3.—
    (γ).
    With dicere and other verbs of saying. (aa) Of a lawyer pleading against a lawyer:

    ipse ille Mucius, quid in illa causa cum contra te diceret, attulit quod? etc.,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 57, 244:

    cum ille contra me pro Sex. Naevio diceret,

    id. Brut. 60, 2, 7; id. de Or. 2, 7, 30; id. Rosc. Am. 15, 45; id. Div. in Caecil. 14, 44; id. Planc. 2, 5; id. Brut. 26, 102; so,

    causam dicere,

    id. Or. 2, 23, 98:

    causam perorare,

    id. Quint. 24, 77.—(bb) Of a lawyer's pleading against the parties: dic mihi, M. Pinari, num si contra te dixero mihi male dicturus es? Servil. ap. Cic. de Or. 2, 65, 261; 3, 34, 138; 1, 14, 60; id. Or. 35, 123; Quint. 11, 1, 57; cf. with ellipsis of acc.:

    quorum alter pro Aufldia, contra dixit alter,

    id. 10, 1, 22.—(ng) Of a party against a lawyer:

    si Gaditani contra me dicerent,

    if the Gaditani were my adversaries, Cic. Balb. 17, 38.—(dd) Of witnesses and experts, and the pleadings against them:

    si decressent legationem quae contra istum diceret,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 4, § 12: contra testes dicere (opp. a testibus or pro testibus). Auct. Her. 2, 6, 9; Cic. de Or. 2, 27, 118 (cf.:

    testimonium in aliquem dicere,

    id. Sull. 17, 48; Quint. 7, 4, 36):

    contra juris consultos dicere,

    against their legal opinions, Cic. Caecin. 24, 69.—So of witnesses in scientific questions:

    contra testes dicendum est,

    Sen. Q. N. 7, 16, 1.—(ee) Dicere or contendere aliquid contra aliquem, to maintain a point against:

    cum interrogamus adversarios... quid contra nos dici possit,

    Auct. Her. 4, 23, 33:

    tamenne vereris ut possis hoc contra Hortensium contendere?

    Cic. Quint. 25, 78. —
    d.
    Of literary adversaries, mostly with verbs of saying and writing:

    cum scriberem contra Epicurios,

    Cic. Att. 13, 38, 1:

    contra Epicurum satis superque dictum est,

    id. N. D. 2, 1, 2:

    contra Brutum,

    id. Tusc. 5, 8, 21:

    contra Academiam,

    id. Ac. 2, 19, 63; id. Fin. 1, 1, 2; 5, 8, 22; id. Tusc. 5, 11, 32; 5, 30, 84; id. Ac. 2, 4, 17:

    contra autem omnia disputatur a nostris,

    id. Off. 2, 2, 8.—
    e.
    Of public and political adversaries (syn. adversus and in).
    (α).
    In gen.:

    sentire contra,

    Cic. Mil. 2, 5:

    pugnare contra bonos,

    id. Sull. 25, 71:

    contra eos summa ope nitebatur nobilitas,

    Sall. C. 38, 2; Cic. Sest. 19, 42; 52, 112:

    (tribuni) qui aut contra consulem, aut pro studio ejus pugnabant,

    Liv. 39, 32, 12.—
    (β).
    Of political speaking:

    cum (Cato) eo ipso anno contra Serv. Galbam ad populum summa contentione dixisset,

    Cic. Brut. 20, 80; so id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 53; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 9, 1.—
    f.
    Of hostile or criminal acts in gen. (syn.:

    adversus, in): inire consilia contra,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 38, 110; id. Cat. 1, 7, 18:

    manum comparare contra aliquem,

    id. Sull. 24, 68:

    conjurationem facere,

    id. ib. 4, 12:

    congredi,

    id. Lig. 3, 9; Sall. J. 64, 4:

    aliquid contra imperatorem moliri,

    Just. Inst. 4, 18, 3:

    nec dolor armasset contra sua viscera matrem,

    against her own offspring Ov. R. Am. 59.—Facere contra (more freq. with abstr. objects; cf. II. C. 1. f. b infra): nunc te contra Caesarem facere summae stultitiae est, to take parts against, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 16, 2:

    eae (res) contra nos ambae faciunt,

    operate against us, id. Quint. 1, 1.—With verbs of saying, etc.:

    homo disertus non intellegit, eum quem contra dicit laudari a se?

    Cic. Phil. 2, 8, 18; 2, 1, 2; 2, 21, 51; Sen. Ep. 15, 3, 70:

    epigramma quod contra quamdam Gelliam scripsit,

    Lampr. Alex. Sev. 38:

    disputare contra deos, in two signif.: contra deum licet disputare liberius,

    to accuse, reproach a god, Cic. N. D. 3, 31, 76; but: mala et impia consuetudo est contra deos disputandi, to reason against the gods, i. e. against their existence, id. ib. 2, 67, 168.—
    2.
    Predicatively, with esse (videri, etc.), against, injurious to, unfavorable, prejudicial, to one's disadvantage: ut [p. 456] ex senatusconsulto neque cujus intersit, neque contra quem sit intellegi possit, Cic. Mur. 32, 68; id. de Or. 3, 20, 75; 2, 74, 299; 2, 81, 330; id. Sull. 13, 39; Sen. Ben. 6, 31, 6:

    licentiam malis dare certe contra bonos est,

    injurious to, Quint. 4, 2, 75:

    res contra nos est, of unfavorable chances in a lawsuit,

    id. 4, 66, 1; 4, 2, 75; 5, 13, 32.—Often, contra aliquem = quod est contra aliquem, referring to indef. pronouns or adjectives:

    nihil contra me fecit odio mei = nihil quod esset contra me,

    Cic. Har. Resp. 3, 5; id. Off. 3, 31, 112:

    quibus (temporibus) aliquid contra Caesarem Pompeio suaserim,

    id. Phil. 2, 10, 24.—
    3.
    Added adverb. to the predicate, mostly referring to purpose, with hostile intent, for the purpose of some hostile act, in order to oppose, in opposition:

    Caesarine eam (provinciam) tradituri fuistis, an contra Caesarem retenturi?

    or keep it against Caesar, Cic. Lig. 7, 23:

    sero enim resistimus ei quem per annos decem aluimus contra nos,

    id. Att. 7, 5, 5:

    judicium illud pecunia esse temptatum non pro Cluentio, sed contra Cluentium,

    id. Clu. 4, 9; id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 52; id. Ac. 2, 28, 92:

    cum quae facitis ejusmodi sint ut ea contra vosmet ipsos facere videamini,

    id. Rosc. Am. 36, 104; Sen. Ep. 3, 7, 3: Curio se contra eum totum parat, i. e. to speak against him, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 10; Caes. B. C. 1, 85 ter; Sen. Q. N. 1, 7, 1; Plin. 16, 39, 74, § 192; Plin. Pan. 41.—So with the force of a temporal clause:

    fidem meam quam essent contra Massam Baebium experti,

    in the suit against, Plin. Ep. 3, 4, 4.—
    4.
    Dependent on adjectives (rare):

    contra se ipse misericors,

    to his own injury, Phaedr. 4, 18, 3:

    severissimus judex contra fures,

    Lampr. Alex. Sev. 28.—
    5.
    With nouns.
    a.
    Acc. to 1. b.:

    ut quam maximae contra Hannibalem copiae sint,

    Cic. Inv. 1, 12, 17; cf. Vell. 2, 76, 3.—
    b.
    Acc. to 1. c. and 1. e.; so esp., oratio contra (cf.: oratio in).
    (α).
    Oratio contra (never in), of an address against the counsel of a party or against the prosecutor:

    quid in omni oratione Crassus vel apud centumviros contra Scaevolam, vel contra accusatorem Brutum, cum pro Cn. Plancio diceret?

    Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 220; cf.:

    Cato pro se contra Cassium = in oratione contra,

    Gell. 10, 15, 3; so,

    haec perpetua defensio contra Scaevolam,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 221:

    orationem illam egregiam quam (Aeschines) in Ctesiphontem contra Demosthenem dixerat,

    id. ib. 3, 56, 213.—
    (β).
    Of an address against the party, either in judicial or political affairs:

    unam orationem contra Gracchum reliquit,

    Cic. Brut. 26, 99:

    (Demosthenis) oratio contra Leptinem... contra Aeschinem falsae legationis,

    id. Or. 31, 111; Gell. 10, 24, 10; 10, 18, 91; Cic. Brut. 46, 169; Quint. 12, 10, 61; Cic. de Or. 2, 11, 45; id. Brut. 44, 164; Gell. 13, 25 (24), 15; cf. Quint. 4, 3, 13; 11, 2, 25.—
    c.
    Acc. to 1. f.:

    contra patres concitatio et seditio,

    Cic. Brut. 14, 56.—Of animals:

    contra volpium genus communibus inimicitiis,

    Plin. 10, 76, 96, § 207.
    C.
    With inanimate and abstract objects.
    1.
    Directly dependent on verbs (cf. B. 1.).
    a.
    Of physical or moral exertion:

    cum fulmina contra Tot paribus streperet clipeis,

    Verg. A. 10, 567:

    pugnandum tamquam contra morbum, sic contra senectutem,

    Cic. Sen. 11, 35:

    contra verum niti,

    Sall. J. 35, 8:

    contra fortunam luctari,

    Sen. Ben. 7, 15, 2; id. Brev. Vit. 10, 1; id. Ep. 78, 15; 99, 32; cf. Cic. Off. 1, 31, 110.—
    b.
    Of warfare (lit. and trop.):

    bellum contra aras, focos, vitam fortunasque gerere,

    Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 1:

    bellum gerimus... contra arma verbis,

    id. Fam. 12, 22, 1.—So of logical contradictions:

    artificis autem est invenire in actione adversarii quae semet ipsa pugnent,

    Quint. 5, 13, 30.—
    c.
    Of legal contention.
    (α).
    Of the actions of the counsel or prosecutor: dicere, or perorare, agere contra aliquid, to plead against, contest something:

    contra argumenta, rumores, tabulas, quaestiones (opp. ab argumentis, etc.),

    Auct. Her. 2, 6, 9 sqq.; Cic. de Or. 2, 27, 118:

    contra ratiocinationem,

    id. Inv. 2, 50, 153: contra scriptum dicere, to contest, controvert a written law or a document, id. ib. 2, 47, 138; 2, 48, 143; id. Brut. 39, 145; Quint. 7, 7, 1:

    contra caput dicere,

    to plead against life, Cic. Quint. 13, 44 (cf.:

    servum in caput domini interrogare,

    Paul. Sent. 1, 1, 34; 5, 16, 5 and 8; 5, 46, 3): contra libertatem agere, Dig. 40, 12, 26.—Pregn.:

    contra rerum naturam, contraque consuetudinem hominum dicere (opp. contra nos dicere),

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 15, 45.—
    (β).
    Of judicial decisions contradicting documents, etc.:

    contra tabulas judicare,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 70, 281:

    contra testamentum,

    Dig. 2, 17, § 1:

    contra sententiam dicere,

    ib. 49, 8, 1, § 2.—
    (γ).
    Admittere aliquem contra bona, to admit a petition for bonorum possessio (cf.:

    inmittere in bona),

    Dig. 38, 2, 3, § 6.—
    d.
    Of antagonism in literary and ethical questions.
    (α).
    To contend that something is false:

    dicere, disputare, disserere contra opinionem or sententiam,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 4, 8; 5, 19, 55; id. de Or. 3, 18, 67; id. Fin. 5, 4, 10; id. Ac. 2, 18, 60; Sen. Ira, 1, 3, 3; id. Ep. 87, 5; 102, 5 (cf.:

    in sententiam dicere,

    in support of an opinion, Caes. B. G. 1, 45):

    contra sensus dicere,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 101:

    contra rhetoricen dicere,

    Quint. 2, 17, 40.—
    (β).
    Of criticism, hostility to principles, etc.:

    contra Iliadem et Odysseam scribere,

    Vitr. 7, praef. 8:

    contra quorum disciplinam ingenium ejus exarserat,

    Cic. Tusc. 5, 29, 83.—
    (γ).
    Ethically:

    contra voluptatem dicere,

    that pleasure is a moral evil, Cic. Fin. 5, 8, 21:

    contra mortem loqui,

    that death is no evil, Sen. Ep. 82, 7;

    in both senses: contra vitia, pericula, fortunam, ambitionem,

    id. ib. 100, 10:

    contra fortunam gloriari,

    that fortune has no power over him, Cic. Tusc. 5, 9, 26; Sen. Ep. 26, 5.—
    e.
    Of public and political acts and speeches:

    contra potentiam accusatorum dicere,

    Cic. Brut. 44, 164:

    contra legem dicere or verba facere,

    id. Imp. Pomp. 15, 53; Liv. 34, 8, 1:

    rogationem ferre contra coloniam ( = contra legem de colonia deducenda),

    Cic. Clu. 51, 140; Auct. Her. 1, 17, 21; Plin. 8, 17, 24, § 64.—
    f.
    Of hostility, injury, wrongs, etc.
    (α).
    In gen.:

    senatusconsulto quod contra dignitatem tuam fieret,

    directed against, Cic. Fam. 12, 29, 2:

    contra rem publicam se commovere,

    id. Cat. 1, 26; 1, 3, 7:

    incitari,

    id. Sest. 47, 100:

    consilia inire,

    id. Agr. 2, 3, 8:

    conjurationem facere,

    Sall. C. 30, 6:

    contra salutem urbis incitari,

    Cic. Cat. 3, 8, 20:

    cogitare aliquid contra salutem,

    id. ib. 3, 9, 21: contra voluntatem or studium dicere, to oppose one's will in a speech:

    esse aliquem in civitate qui contra ejus (Chrysogoni) voluntatem dicere auderet,

    id. Rosc. Am. 22, 60; id. Phil. 1, 11, 28; id. de Or. 3, 34, 138; id. Mur. 4, 10; Tac. H. 2, 91:

    ne quid contra aequitatem contendas, ne quid pro injuria,

    do not array yourself against equity, Cic. Off. 2, 20, 71.— Trop.:

    quis non contra Marii arma, contra Suliae proscriptionem irascitur? ( = Mario propter arma, Sullae propter proscriptionem),

    Sen. Ira, 2, 2, 3.—
    (β).
    In partic.: facere contra aliquid (syn. adversus), to commit an offence against, to transgress, etc.:

    si quis ad Antonium profectus esset... senatus existimaturum eum contra rem publicam fecisse,

    Cic. Phil. 8, 11, 33; id. Mil. 5, 13; 6, 14; id. Off. 3, 10, 43; 3, 25, 95; S. C. ap. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 6; Liv. 25, 4, 7; so,

    contra salutem rei publicae facere,

    Cic. Dom. 38, 102:

    contra majestatem,

    against the emperor, Dig. 48, 4, 5:

    contra leges,

    Cic. Dom. 18, 48; id. Vatin. 7, 18; id. Fin. 2, 17, 55; id. Mur. 32, 67; id. de Or. 3, 19, 70; cf. id. Clu. 34, 92; id. Mur. 32, 68; id. Dom. 14, 38; id. Phil. 10, 6, 13; Gai Inst. 4, 121:

    contra edictum (praetoris),

    Cic. Verr 2, 3, 10, § 25; Dig. 39, 1, 20, § 1:

    contra foedus,

    Cic. Balb. 6, 16:

    contra jusjurandum ac fidem,

    id. Off. 3, 10, 43; id. Lael. 3, 30, 74; id. Verr. 2, 3, 3, § 7; Prop. 3, 30, 44 (2, 32, 44).—And ironically:

    tune contra Caesaris nutum (sc. facies)?

    Cic. Att. 14, 10, 1.—Rarely contra ea facere = contra facere, adverb. (cf. I. B. 8. and II. E. 1. b.):

    corpus in civitatem inferri non licet... et qui contra ea fecerit, extra ordinem punitur,

    Paul. Sent. 1, 21, 2; 1, 21, 12.—
    2.
    Predicatively with esse (usu. impers.), in violation of, in conflict with, contrary to (cf. 3. g).
    (α).
    With esse expressed as the predicate:

    hominem hominis incommodo suum augere commodum magis est contra naturam quam mors,

    Cic. Off. 3, 5, 21; id. Fin. 3, 9, 31; id. N. D. 3, 13, 33; Sen. Ep. 5, 4; Plin. 7, 8, 6, § 45:

    contra leges or legem est,

    Cic. Pis. 13, 30; id. Mur. 32, 67:

    contra officium est,

    id. Off. 3, 10, 43; 1, 10, 32; 1, 6, 19; cf. id. Lael. 11, 39; id. Off. 3, 15, 63; Liv. 6, 40, 5; Sen. Q. N. 2, 37, 2; Gai Inst. 3, 157; Dig. 30, 1, 112, § 3; 16, 3, 1, § 7.—With ellipsis of object (naturam), Cic. Fin. 5, 29, 89; cf.:

    adeo res ista non habet ullam moram quae contra causas ignium sit,

    unfavorable to the formation of fire, Sen. Q. N. 2, 26, 7.—
    (β).
    With verbal predicate, referring to an indef. pron. or adj., with esse understood:

    scis hunc... nihil umquam contra rem tuam cogitasse ( = nihil quod contra rem tuam esset),

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 50, 147; id. Mil. 5, 13:

    aliquid contra animum audiendi,

    something against our liking, Sen. Const. 19, 2.—So mostly with facere:

    si quid Socrates aut Aristippus contra morem consuetudinemque fecerint,

    Cic. Off. 1, 41, 148; id. Att. 3, 23, 2; 2, 22, 2; id. Off. 3, 15, 63; Sall. C. 15, 1; Dig. 8, 2, 11; 8, 2, 17; 35, 1, 79, § 2. —
    (γ).
    Contra officium, substantively, = id quod contra officium est:

    Sic inter recte factum atque peccatum, officium et contra officium, media locabat quaedam,

    Cic. Ac. 1, 10, 37.—
    3.
    Adverbially with the predicate.
    (α).
    In order to oppose, in opposition to, with hostile intent (cf. B. 3.):

    eidem illam proscriptionem capitis mei contra salutem rei publicae rogatam esse dicebant,

    that the proposal of the law was an attack on the republic, Cic. Prov. Cons. 19, 45; id. Rab. Perd. 12, 35; id. Phil. 10, 10, 22:

    imperator contra postulata Bocchi nuntios mittit,

    to reply to the demands, Sall. J. 83, 3; 25, 6; so,

    advocare contra,

    Sen. Cons. Polyb. 12, 4; id. Ep. 15, 2, 52:

    si contra mortem te praeparaveris,

    to meet death, id. ib. 11, 3, 8.—
    (β).
    With the force of a clause of manner, injuriously to, etc.:

    quibus contra valetudinis commodum laborandum est,

    Cic. Mur. 23, 47; Suet. Aug. 78:

    contra hominis salutem,

    with danger to a man's life, Cod. Just. 7, 62, 29.—
    (γ).
    In gen., of conflict with some rule or principle, contrary to, in violation of, without regard to ( = ita ut contra sit; cf. 2. supra; very freq. from the class. period;

    syn. adversus): ceperitne pecunias contra leges P. Decius,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 31, 136; id. Verr. 2, 1, 4, § 10; id. Fl. 34, 86:

    pecuniam contra leges auferre,

    id. Verr. 1, 18, 56; 2, 1, 10, § 27; 2, 5, 18, § 46; id. Har. Resp. 26, 56:

    contra legem,

    id. Rab. Perd. 3, 8; id. Dom. 16, 41:

    contra jus fasque,

    id. Har. Resp. 16, 34; id. Quint. 6, 28:

    contra jus,

    Liv. 5, 4, 14; id. Dom. 13, 55; id. Verr. 2, 5, 13, § 34:

    contra jus gentium,

    Liv. 4, 32, 5; 9, 10, 10; 21, 25, 7; 5, 36, 6;

    6, 1, 6: contra juris rigorem,

    Dig. 40, 5, 24, § 10 et saep.:

    contra testimonium aliquid judicare,

    without regard to, Cic. Brut. 31, 117:

    aliquid contra verecundiam disputare,

    contrary to the rules of decency, id. Off. 1, 35, 128:

    aliquid contra fidem constituere,

    Quint. 5, 13, 34:

    quae majores nostri contra lubidinem animi sui recte atque ordine fecere,

    contrary to the dictates of passion, Sall. C. 51, 4; id. J. 33, 1; cf. of logical opposition, II. E. 2. infra.—
    4.
    Dependent on substt.
    a.
    Of physical strife:

    scit ille imparem sibi luctatum contra nexus (draconis),

    Plin. 8, 12, 12, § 33. —
    b.
    Of warfare:

    imperatorum copia contra tuum furorem,

    Cic. Mur. 39, 83:

    Parthorum gloria contra nomen Romanum,

    Liv. 9, 18, 6: in castris perditorum contra patriam, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 23, 6.—
    c.
    Of legal contention:

    causa contra scriptum,

    Cic. Inv. 2, 46, 135.—
    d.
    Of political speaking:

    divina M. Tullii eloquentia contra leges agrarias,

    Quint. 2, 16, 7; 9, 3, 50; Gell. 18, 7, 7.—
    e.
    Of literary opposition:

    Caesaris vituperatio contra laudationem meam,

    Cic. Att. 12, 40, 1.—
    f.
    Of hostility, etc.:

    cujus factum, inceptum, conatumve contra patriam,

    Cic. Cat. 2, 12, 27:

    ullum factum dictumve nostrum contra utilitatem vestram,

    Liv. 6, 40, 5.—
    g.
    Of injury:

    vitae cupiditas contra rem publicam,

    Cic. Planc. 37, 90: contra serpentes venenum, fatal to serpents, or as a defence against serpents, Plin. 7, 2, 2, § 15.—
    h.
    Of violation, disregard, etc. (cf. 3. g):

    iter contra senatus auctoritatem,

    Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 48:

    contra consuetudinem somnium,

    Plin. 10, 77, 98, § 211:

    bonorum possessio contra tabulas,

    Dig. 37, 4, 3, § 13; Gai Inst. 3, 41.—
    5.
    Dependent on adjectives (very rare; cf.

    II. D. 2. c. infra): contraque patris impii regnum impotens, avum resolvam,

    Sen. Herc. Fur. 966.
    D.
    Of defence, protection, and resistance (syn.: adversus, ab).
    1.
    Against persons.
    a.
    Dependent on verbs:

    cum populus Romanus suam auctoritatem vel contra omnes qui dissentiunt possit defendere,

    Cic. Imp. Pomp. 22, 63: si ego consul rem publicam [p. 457] contra te et gregales tuos defendissem, id. Sest. 52, 111; 22, 49; 8, 20; id. Fam. 11, 27, 7; id. Phil. 2, 18, 45:

    contra quem multum omnes boni providerunt,

    provided a great defence, id. Mur. 38, 81: formula qua utitur patronus contra libertum qui eum in jus vocat, as a defence against, Gai Inst. 4, 46. —And of protection of plants against injurious animals:

    contra haec animalia proderit, si, etc.,

    Pall. 10, 3, 2.—
    b.
    Dependent on adjectives, mostly participial:

    paratus contra,

    Cic. Mil. 21, 56:

    nihil satis firmum contra Metellum,

    Sall. J. 80, 1:

    contra potentes nemo est munitus satis,

    Phaedr. 2, 6, 1.—
    2.
    Against inanimate and abstract things.
    a.
    Dependent on verbs:

    contra avium morsus munitur vallo aristarum,

    Cic. Sen. 15, 51:

    propugnaculum, quo contra omnes meos impetus usurum se putat,

    id. Verr. 2, 3, 16, § 40; 2, 5, 39, § 102:

    publicam causam contra vim armatam suscipere,

    id. Dom. 34, 91; id. Quint. 30, 94; id. Leg. 3, 3, 9:

    contra tantas difficultates providere,

    Sall. J. 90, 1; 76, 4; so,

    contra ea,

    id. ib. 57, 5:

    patricii vi contra vim resistunt,

    Liv. 3, 13, 4; Plin. 14, 2, 4, § 28; Tac. Agr. 45; Sen. Prov. 4, 12; id. Const. 5, 4.—
    b.
    Dependent on substt.:

    suffragia contra oppugnationem vestrae majestatis,

    Cic. Rab. Perd. 12, 35:

    defensio contra vim,

    id. Mil. 5, 14:

    patronus justitiae fuit contra orationem Phili,

    id. Lael. 7, 25; Plin. 29, 2, 9, § 30; 14, 3, 4, § 40:

    contra labores patientia,

    id. 23, 1, 22, § 37.—
    c.
    Dependent on adjectives (in Cic. freq. with P. a. predicatively used; otherwise very rare;

    in later prose freq.): nec est quidquam Cilicia contra Syriam munitius,

    against an attack from the side of Syria, Cic. Fam. 14, 4, 4:

    ut nullius res tuta, nullius domus clausa, nullius vita saepta, nullius pudicitia munita contra tuam cupiditatem posset esse,

    id. Verr. 2, 5, 15, § 39; id. Fin. 1, 16, 51; id. Mil. 25, 67; id. Tusc. 5, 8, 19; 5, 27, 76:

    vir contra audaciam firmissimus,

    id. Rosc. Am. 30, 85; Sall. J. 33, 2; 28, 5:

    fortis contra dolorem,

    Sen. Ep. 98, 18; Quint. 12, 1, 10:

    callosus,

    Plin. 11, 37, 54, § 147; 14, 2, 4, § 23:

    far contra hiemes firmissimum,

    id. 18, 8, 19, § 83:

    equus tenax contra vincula,

    Ov. Am. 3, 4, 13:

    contraque minantia fata pervigil,

    Claud. I. Cons. Stil. 1, 284.—
    3.
    Of remedies against sickness and its causes, poison, etc.; so only in Plin.; in Pall. only of preventives and of protection against hurtful animals, and against mental perturbations in gen.; cf. infra (syn. ad in Cat., Cic., Cels., Col.; adversus only in Celsus, who also has in with abl.).
    (α).
    Dependent on verbs:

    cujus et vinum et uva contra serpentium ictus medetur,

    Plin. 14, 18, 22, § 117; 7, 2, 2, § 13:

    prodest et contra suspiria et tussim,

    id. 20, 13, 50, § 128:

    valet potum contra venena,

    id. 28, 7, 21, § 74; 29, 4, 22, § 71; 29, 4, 26, § 81; 28, 8, 27, § 98; 16, 37, 71, § 180; 35, 6, 14, § 34; 28, 6, 18, §§ 65-67.—
    (β).
    Dependent on substt.:

    remedium contra morsus,

    Plin. 8, 32, 50, § 118; 10, 59, 79, § 163:

    contra venena esse omnia remedio,

    id. 16, 44, 95, § 251; 17, 24, 37, § 240; 7, 1, 1, § 4.—
    (γ).
    Dependent on adjectives:

    vinum quod salutare contra pestilentiam sit,

    Pall. 11, 14, 17.—
    (δ).
    Appositively, as a remedy:

    cujus lacteum succum miris laudibus celebrat... contra serpentes et venena,

    Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 16; 29, 4, 26, § 83. —So of remedies against affections:

    Tiberium tonante caelo coronari ea (lauro) solitum ferunt contra fulminum metus,

    Plin. 15, 30, 40, § 135; cf. Sen. Ira, 2, 21, 1; id. Tranq. 5. 1.
    E.
    Of logical opposition.
    1.
    With a neuter demonstrative (contra ea, contra haec, contra quae, quod contra = contra, adv.).
    a.
    The contrary, the reverse (very rare; cf.

    I. D. 1.): sed mihi contra ea videtur,

    but to me the contrary seems true, Sall. J. 85, 1:

    omnia quae contra haec sunt, omnia quae contra sunt,

    and vice versa, Quint. 5, 10, 90. —
    b.
    Contra ea, on the contrary, in logical antithesis (not in Cic. and Sall.; once in Caes. and Quint.; several times in Liv. and Nep.; cf.: contra ea, in other uses, II. A. 2. e. a, II. D. 2. a., II. A. 3. d., II. C. 1. f.):

    omnes arderent cupiditate pugnandi... contra ea Caesar... spatiumque interponendum... putabat ( = at contra),

    but Caesar on the contrary, Caes. B. C. 3, 74: superbe ab Samnitibus... legati prohibiti commercio sunt;

    contra ea benigne ab Siculorum tyrannis adjuti,

    Liv. 4, 52, 6; 2, 60, 1; 21, 20, 6;

    44, 43, 5: pater... Thracem me genuit, contra ea mater Atheniensem,

    Nep. Iphicr. 3, 4; id. praef. 6; id. Alcib. 8, 1.—And after a question, with immo (cf. I. E. 5. b.):

    an infirmissimi omnium... (sumus)? Immo contra ea vel viribus nostris, vel, etc., tuti (sumus),

    Liv. 41, 24, 8.—
    c.
    Quod contra, by anastrophe (v. F. 1.), contrary to which, whereas, while on the contrary (only once in Lucr. and three times in Cic.):

    illud in his rebus vereor ne forte rearis, Inpia te rationis inire elementa viamque indugredi sceleris: quod contra saepius illa Religio peperit scelerosa atque impia facta,

    whereas on the contrary, Lucr. 1, 81:

    cujus a me corpus crematum est, quod contra decuit ab illo meum (sc. cremari),

    Cic. Sen. 23, 84:

    quod contra oportebat delicto dolere, correctione gaudere,

    id. Lael. 24, 90 (B. and K. place a comma after oportebat; cf.

    Nauck ad loc.): reliquum est ut eum nemo judicio defenderit: quod contra copiosissime defensum esse contendi,

    id. Quint. 28, 87 (many consider contra in all these passages as an adverb; cf. Hand, Turs. II. p. 121 sq.; some explain quod as an ancient ablative, = qua re;

    v. Ritschl,

    Plaut. Exc. p. 57, Munro ad Lucr. 1, 82).—
    2.
    With an abstract noun, with the force of the adverb contra with ac or atque (I. F. 1.), contrary to, contrary to what, etc. (esp. in Sall., not in Cic.; cf. praeter): celeriter contraque omnium opinionem confecto itinere, contrary to the opinion ( = contra ac rati erant), Caes. B. G. 6, 30:

    contra opinionem Jugurthae ad Thalam perveniunt,

    Sall. J. 75, 9; Hirt. B. G. 8, 40.—Contra spem either contrary to the opinion, or against the hope:

    Metellus contra spem suam laetissume excipitur ( = contra ac ratus, veritus est),

    Sall. J. 88, 1; so,

    cetera contra spem salva invenit,

    Liv. 9, 23, 17:

    contra spem omnium L. Furium optavit,

    id. 6, 25, 5; Curt. 8, 4, 45;

    but: at Jugurtha contra spem nuntio accepto ( = contra ac speraverat),

    Sall. J. 28, 1; Liv. 24, 45, 3:

    postquam... Jugurtha contra timorem animi praemia sceleris adeptum sese videt,

    Sall. J. 20, 1:

    ipse in Numidiam procedit, ubi contra belli faciem tuguria plena hominumque... erant ( = contra ac in bello evenire solet),

    id. ib. 46, 5:

    contra famam,

    Plin. 13, 22, 43, § 126; 7, 53, 54, § 180:

    segniterque et contra industriam absconditae formicae,

    slowly, and in a manner different from their usual activity, id. 18, 35, 88, § 364.—Of persons:

    frigidam potionem esse debere, contra priores auctores, Asclepiades confirmavit,

    contrary to the opinion of the former physicians, Cels. 4, 26 (19).
    F.
    Sometimes by anastrophe after its noun.
    1.
    In prose, after relatives, esp. in Cic.:

    quos contra disputant,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 15, 47:

    quem contra dicit,

    id. Phil. 2, 8, 18 (v. II. B. 1. f.):

    quem contra veneris,

    id. Mur. 4, 9:

    quas contra, praeter te, etc.,

    id. Vatin. 7, 18:

    eos ipsos quos contra statuas,

    id. Or. 10, 34:

    quos contra me senatus armavit,

    id. Att. 10, 8, 8:

    quam contra multa locutus est,

    Sen. Ep. 82, 7, Plin. Ep. 1, 23, 3; Claud. in Rufin. 1, 332; v. also E. 1. c. supra.—
    2.
    After other words ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

    hunc igitur contra mittam contendere causam,

    Lucr. 4, 471:

    dicere eos contra,

    id. 4, 484:

    donique eum contra,

    id. 5, 708:

    agmina contra,

    Verg. A. 12, 279:

    magnum Alciden contra,

    id. ib. 5, 414:

    Paridem contra,

    id. ib. 5, 370:

    Italiam contra,

    id. ib. 1, 13:

    deos contra,

    Ov. P. 1, 1, 26:

    Messania moenia contra,

    id. M. 14, 17:

    litora Calabriae contra,

    Tac. A. 3, 1.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > contra

  • 3 contra dicta

    contrā, adv. and prep. [stem con, i. e. cum, through a comparative form conter; cf.: alter, uter, inter, praeter, etc.; in abl. fem. form like the locative adverbs ea, qua, etc.; cf.: ultra, intra, extra, citra], orig., in comparison with; hence, over against, fronting, in front, opposite, in opposition to, against, contrary to, opposed to, etc.
    I.
    Adv. (referring to an opposed object often with the force of a preposition with ellipsis of a pronoun, = against it, against him, etc.).
    A.
    Local.
    1.
    Lit., of position in front of a person, place, or thing.
    a.
    With verb of being or position expressed or understood.
    (α).
    Referring to living beings, opposite, in face of, face to face, facing, in front of, fronting, confronting (not in Cic., Caes., or Sall.):

    feminam scelestam te, adstans contra, contuor,

    Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 26:

    ut confidenter mihi contra adstitit,

    id. Capt. 3, 5, 6; Lucr. 4, 223; 6, 929:

    signum contra, quoad longissume oculi ferebant, animo finivit,

    Liv. 1, 18, 8:

    stat contra starique jubet,

    Juv. 3, 290:

    stat contra dicitque tibi tua pagina Fures!

    Mart. 1, 55, 12:

    ulmus erat contra,

    in front of her, Ov. M. 14, 661:

    templa vides contra,

    in front (of us), id. ib. 7, 587.—Of position in front of the enemy:

    contra conserta manu,

    Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 3: contra consistere, to make front against them, Caes. B. G. 2, 17.—
    (β).
    Referring to things and places, over against (it), opposite (to it), on the opposite side (mostly post-Aug.):

    contra jacet Cancer patulam distentus in alvum,

    Manil. 2, 253:

    posita contra Hispania,

    Tac. Agr. 11:

    promuntorium quod contra procedit,

    Plin. 4, 2, 3, § 6: relinquendae autem contra erunt vacuae tabellae, on the opposite side, i. e. of the leaf, Quint. 10, 3, 32: illo quaerente cur non decidant contra siti, the antipodes (cf. Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; v. II. A. 1. c. a), Plin. 2, 65, 65, § 161.—With the governing verb understood:

    arguam hanc vidisse apud te contra conservum meum,

    face to face, Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 91:

    jam omnia contra circaque hostium plena erant, Liv 5, 37, 8: eadem verba contra (i. e. ponuntur),

    side by side, Quint. 9, 3, 36; Verg. A. 6, 23.—
    b.
    With verbs of motion, so as to be opposite to an object or face to face with a person, variously rendered.
    (α).
    Referring to persons:

    accede ad me atque adi contra,

    come right up to me, Plaut. Rud. 1, 4, 23; id. Bacch. 3, 6, 6: hostes crebri cadunt; nostri contra ingruunt, advance to their front (in Plaut. hostility is not implied in contra), id. Am. 1, 1, 84: quis nos pater aut cognatu' volet contra tueri, face to face, eye to eye, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 12 Mull. (Trag. Rel. v. 444 Rib.); Att. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 55 (Trag. Rel. v. 538 ib.):

    adspicedum contra me = contra adspice me,

    Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 56 Lorenz ad lec.:

    contra adspicere,

    id. Mil. 2, 1, 45:

    contra intueri,

    Liv. 1, 16, 6; 9, 6, 8; Sen. Q. N. 1, 3, 6:

    cum veniret contra Marcianus,

    Quint. 6, 3, 95; Plin. 9, 46, 70, § 152.—
    (β).
    Of things:

    hic ubi sol radiis... Adversa fulsit nimborum aspergine contra,

    Lucr. 6, 525; Cels. 8, 8, 1:

    quam (turrim) promoti contra validi asseres... perfregere,

    Tac. H. 4, 30.—Reciprocally: oscula non pervenientia contra, not coming through (the wall) so as to meet, Ov. M. 4, 80.—
    2.
    Transf. to equivalents of weight, value, and price; so,
    (α).
    In Plaut. only in the colloq. phrases auro contra, aurichalco contra, and contra auro (sc. posito); lit., for gold placed against; cf.:

    aes contrarium, s. v. contrarius: (servus) non carus'st auro contra,

    at his weight in gold, Plaut. Ep. 3, 3, 30: jam auro contra constat filius, id. Truc. 2, 6, 57 (Speng. aurichalco): auro contra cedo modestum amatorem! A me aurum accipe. Pa. Cedo mihi contra aurichalco quoi ego sano serviam, id. Curc. 1, 3, 45 sq.; id. Mil. 3, 1, 63; 4, 2, 85; id. Ps. 2, 3, 23.—
    (β).
    In post-Aug. prose (very rare):

    at si aquae et ejus rei quam contra pensabis par pondus erit, nec pessum ibit, nec exstabit, etc.,

    Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 5.—
    3.
    Of reciprocal actions, = vicissim, in turn, in return, back, on my, his, etc., part, likewise, counter-.
    (α).
    In gen.:

    te ut deludam contra, lusorem meum,

    Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 71:

    quae me amat, quam ego contra amo,

    id. Merc. 5. 2, 77; id. Cist. 1, 1, 96; id. Trin. 4, 2, 55; id. As. 2, 2, 110:

    qui arguat se, eum contra vincat jurejurando suo,

    make a victorious counter-charge, id. Mil. 2, 2, 37:

    si laudabit haec Illius formam, tu hujus contra (i. e. lauda),

    Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 54:

    audi nunc contra jam,

    listen in turn, id. Phorm. 4, 4, 18; id. Ad. 5, 4, 23:

    at tu mihi contra nunc videre fortunatus, Phaedria, Cui, etc.,

    you likewise seem fortunate to me, id. Phorm. 1, 3, 21:

    Mettius Tullo gratulatur, contra Tullus Mettium benigne alloquitur,

    Liv. 1, 28, 1:

    contra ut me diligat illa,

    Cat. 76. 23; Hor. S. 1, 3, 27 Orell. ad loc.—Hence, with ellipsis of inquit, = respondit:

    cui latrans contra senex,

    Phaedr. 5, 10, 7:

    scietis, inquam, etc., contra Nigrinus: ad quem missi sunt? ego, etc.,

    Plin. Ep. 7, 6, 4.—

    Rarely with inquit, etc., expressed: at ille contra, renidens, Audi, inquit, discipule, etc.,

    Gell. 15, 9, 9; cf.:

    contra talia reddit,

    Claud. B. Gild. 379.—
    (β).
    With dat. pers.:

    consulo quem dolum doloso contra conservo parem,

    Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 45:

    facere contra huic aegre,

    Ter. Eun. 4, 1, 10:

    hiscine contra insidiabere?

    id. Hec. 1. 1, 13:

    tibi contra gratiam Referre,

    id. ib. 4, 2, 7.—
    (γ).
    With item:

    item a me contra factum est,

    Plaut. Aul. prol. 20:

    puellam senex Amat et item contra filius,

    id. Cas. prol. 49; id. Pers. 5, 2, 36; id. Am. 1, 1, 67; Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 25.—
    (δ).
    Combining a reciprocal with a local relation (A. 1. a. a, and b. a): contra carinantes verba, exchanging abusive words ( face to face), Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 8, 361 (Ann. v. 181 Vahl.): tubae utrimque contra canunt;

    Consonat terra,

    Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 73; 1, 1, 86:

    confer gradum Contra pariter,

    id. Ps. 2, 4, 18; id. Truc. 1, 2, 28:

    video amicam... Ubi contra adspexit me, etc.,

    id. Mil. 2, 1, 45; Verg. E. 7, 8; cf. Lucr. 4, 243:

    vesper adest, juvenes consurgite!... Cernitis, innuptae, juvenes? consurgite contra!

    Cat. 62, 6.—
    (ε).
    Implying also opposition: Pe. Conpellabo. Ph. Orationis aciem contra conferam, Plaut. Ep. 4, 1, 20:

    si scias quod donum huic dono contra comparet,

    what counter gift, Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 63: quod Scipio postulavit... ut, etc. Et quod contra collega postulavit ne, etc., Annal. Trib. Pleb. ap. Gell. 7 (6), 19, 5:

    si vobis aequa et honesta postulatio videtur, ego contra brevem postulationem adfero,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 2, 7; Nep. Epam. 6, 1;

    Auct. B. Alex. 24: illo licente contra liceri audeat nemo,

    to bid in opposition, Caes. B. G. 1, 18; Liv. 4, 53, 6:

    agedum pauca accipe contra,

    Hor. S. 1, 4, 38.—So in battle:

    Numidae... Romanorum ordines conturbare... neque contra feriundi copia erat,

    Sall. J. 50, 4; and in law: et ab eo is qui adoptat vindicat... et illo contra non vindicante, etc., Gai Inst. 1, 134; 2, 24.—Esp. in replies:

    oratio contra a Demosthene pro Ctesiphonte edita,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 56, 213:

    dicit accusator haec: primum, etc.... quid contra reus?

    id. Clu. 30, 81; id. Fin. 5, 22, 63; Curt. 4, 1, 10; 7, 9, 1.
    B.
    Of opposition, strife, etc., against; constr. absol., with dat., and ne, quominus or quin.
    1.
    Of physical exertion.
    (α).
    Lit.:

    concurrunt... aetheriae nubes contra pugnantibu' ventis,

    struggling against each other, Lucr. 6. 98:

    nec nos obniti contra... Sufficimus,

    bear up, battle against, Verg. A. 5, 21; Ov. M. 9, 50; 2, 434:

    at ille contra nititur,

    resists, Plin. 2, 38, 38, § 103; 7, 20, 19, § 82:

    pars remigum, tamquam imperitia... officia nautarum impediebant. Mox contra tendere,

    rowed in an opposite direction, Tac. H. 4, 16.—
    (β).
    Trop.:

    te rogo ne contrahas ac demittas animum, neque te obrui tamquam fluctu... sinas, contraque erigas ac resistas,

    Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 1, § 4:

    et torrens judicem vel nitentem contra feret, cogatque ire qua rapiet,

    Quint. 12, 10, 61.— With ne: vi contra niti, ne advorsus eum fiat, Cato ap. Gell. 7 (6), 3, 16.—With quominus, Lucr. 1, 780.—
    2.
    Of mental exertion:

    si tibi vera videntur, Dede manus, aut, si falsum est, accingere contra,

    arm yourself against them, Lucr. 2, 1043; 2, 280. —With dat.:

    siti contra... pugnandum,

    Cels. 4, 2 fin. —
    3.
    Of hostile opposition in gen.
    (α).
    Lit.:

    quod animadversum est in eo qui contra omni ratione pugnarunt, non debeo reprehendere,

    who made opposition in every way, Cic. Rosc. Am. 47, 137; id. Verr. 2, 2, 43, § 107:

    contra etiam aliquid abs te profectum ex multis audivi,

    something inimical, id. Fam. 5, 5, 2.—
    (β).
    Trop.:

    aut alio quovis (sc. colore) qui contra pugnet et obstet,

    Lucr. 2, 794; 2, 868.—
    4.
    Of warfare.
    (α).
    Lit.:

    ut eos adversarios existimemus qui arma contra ferant,

    Cic. Off. 1, 25, 87; 1, 12, 37; Vell. 2, 28, 4; cf.:

    quid quod exercitum contra duxit?

    Auct. Her. 4, 16, 23:

    ut si qua ex parte obviam contra veniretur, acie instructa depugnarent,

    if they should be attacked by an open charge, Caes. B. G. 7, 28:

    issentque confestim ad urbem ni venire contra exercitum... audissent,

    Liv. 7, 39, 17:

    cum Romanae legiones contra direxerint,

    would oppose their march, Tac. H. 4, 58; id. A. 6, 44.—With dat.:

    et huic contra itum ad amnem Erinden,

    Tac. A. 11, 10.—
    (β).
    Trop.:

    quod ubi viderunt corvi, contra auxiliantur, velut adversus communem hostem,

    Plin. 10, 74, 95, § 205.—
    5.
    Of legal contests.
    (α).
    With verbs of saying; v. 9. a.—
    (β).
    Venire contra, of any legal act with the intention to hurt the adversary:

    quid? si omnium mortalium Sthenio nemo inimicior quam hic C. Claudius... fuit? si de litteris corruptis contra venit, etc.?

    if he made a charge of forgery against him? Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 43, § 107; cf. II. B. c. b.—
    (γ).
    On the part of the adversary:

    inveniendum contra est, quo distet haec causa a ceteris,

    Quint. 5, 10, 114; 9, 2, 35; 12, 8, 10.—
    (δ).
    Of judgments against the parties or against opinions:

    ne spoliaret fama probatum hominem si contra judicasset,

    given an adverse decision, Cic. Off. 3, 19, 77; cf. Val. Max. 7, 2, 4; Cic. Caecin. 24, 69.—
    6.
    Of literary opposition.
    (α).
    Mostly with verbs of saying; v. 9. a. g.—
    (β).
    With other verbs:

    astrologorum artem contra convincere tendit,

    Lucr. 5, 728:

    contra nunc illud pone, etc.,

    Sen. Ben. 7, 14, 6:

    habeat (liber meus) etiam quosdam qui contra sentiant et adversentur,

    some dissentients and opponents, Quint. 3, 1, 5; 2, 17, 40; 3, 8, 69.—
    7.
    Of public and political opposition.
    (α).
    With verbs of saying; v. 9. a. d.—
    (β).
    With petere, to be a candidate for office in opposition to another:

    nihil enim supererat de quo certarent, nihil quod contra peterent,

    no office was left for which to canvass against each other, Cic. Agr. 2, 33, 91:

    honores contra petere,

    Quint. 6, 1, 17.—With ire, with dat., of an opposing vote in the senate (cf.:

    pedibus ire): sententia Cassii ut nemo unus contra ire ausus est, ita dissonae voces respondebant,

    Tac. A. 14, 45.—
    8.
    Of violation of law, contracts, etc.: contra facere, or contra committere, to violate, transgress a law, etc.: leges esse non ex ejus qui contra commiserit utilitate, spectari oportere, not in the interest of the transgressor, Cic. Inv. 2, 48, 153:

    si quis sub hoc pacto vendiderit ancillam ne prostitueretur, et si contra factum esset,

    and if the contract was violated, Dig. 18, 1, 56.—
    9.
    With verbs of saying, etc., contra dicere; less freq. disputare, disserere, pugnare, in the sense of dicere, and contra scribere (often contradico, in one word, in post-Aug. writers; esp. with dat.).
    a.
    Absol.
    (α).
    Contra dicere, to speak as counsel of the adversary, to plead his cause, in legal proceedings:

    cum contra dicturus Hortensius esset,

    would speak on the other side, Cic. Quint. 24, 77:

    hoc... contra dicente Cotta judicatum est,

    id. Caecin. 33, 97:

    dixisse ut contra nemo videretur,

    id. Brut. 53, 198: ut contra Crassus... exorsus est, began on the other side, id. ib. § 197.—Hence: qui contra dicit, the adversary or counsel of the adversary:

    contra autem qui dicet, similitudinem infirmare debebit,

    Cic. Inv. 2, 50, 151; id. Part. Or. 21, 108.—In the same sense: agens contra: si nos... impares agentium contra ingeniis dixerimus, that we are unequal to the talents of our adversary's counsel, [p. 453] Quint. 4, 1, 8.—
    (β).
    To make charges against (rare):

    si qui contra vellet dicere, usurum esse eum suo testimonio,

    Cic. Clu. 48, 134:

    qua ratione nemo neque tum item fecerit, neque nunc contra dicat,

    id. Quint. 29, 88; so,

    contra disputare, of objections to or against a witness: nihil contra disputabo priusquam dixerit,

    id. Fl. 21, 51.—
    (γ).
    In gen., to speak on the other side of a question:

    fiebat autem ita, ut cum is qui audire vellet dixisset quid sibi videretur, tum ego contra dicerem,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 4, 8; id. Fin. 2, 1, 2; so,

    contra disputare and contra scribere,

    id. Or. 1, 19, 85; Vitr. 3, 1, 6; Quint. 2, 17, 13; Dig. 9, 2, 21, § 1.—Hence: qui contra dicunt or disputant, the opponents:

    nec qui contra dicunt causam difficilem repellunt,

    Cic. Fin. 3, 1, 2:

    ad coarguendos qui contra disputant,

    to refule his opponents, Quint. 2, 15, 26.—
    (δ).
    To oppose or object to a proposition, motion, or petition:

    quam palam principes dixerunt contra!

    protested against it, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 16, § 41; Caes. B. C. 1, 32; Cic. Clu. 47, 130.—With pugnare:

    cum decerneretur frequenti senatu, contra pugnante Pisone, etc.,

    Cic. Att. 1, 14, 5:

    filius ejus incolumitatem optat: contradicit pater,

    the father objects, Quint. 9, 2, 85; 9, 2, 83; Plin. ap. Gell. 9, 16, 5; Cic. Dom. 33, 87:

    contradicente nullo,

    Suet. Caes. 20; Dig. 3, 3, 15.—
    (ε).
    To reply:

    contradixit edicto,

    answered by an edict, Suet. Aug. 56. —
    (ζ).
    Abl. absol. impers.:

    explorandum videtur an etiam contradicto aliquando judicio consuetudo firmata sit,

    whether the custom has been confirmed by judgment upon a judicial contest, Dig. 1, 3, 34.—
    b.
    With acc. neutr. pron., to object, to make or raise an objection, to reply; esp. in legal proceedings:

    ego enim, te disputante, quid contra dicerem meditabar,

    Cic. N. D. 3, 1, 1:

    ut contra si quid dicere velit non audiatur,

    id. Fin. 5, 10, 27:

    aiebat illum primo sane diu multa contra (i. e. dixisse), ad extremum autem, etc.,

    id. Att. 2, 22, 2.— Hence: quod contra dicitur, or quae contra dicuntur, the objections:

    ut et id quod intenderemus confirmare, et id quod contra diceretur refellere (possemus),

    refute the objections, Cic. de Or. 1, 20, 90:

    quia neque reprehendi quae contra dicuntur possunt, etc.,

    id. ib. 2, 81, 331; id. Inv. 2, 44, 127; Quint. 1, 2, 17.—In the same sense, as subst.: contrā dicta, orum, n. plur.:

    seu proposita confirmamus, sive contra dicta dissolvimus,

    or refute the objections, Quint. 4, prooem. 6.—With acc. and inf.:

    dicitur contra, nullum esse testamentum,

    the objection is made that there is no testament, Cic. Agr. 2, 6, 42.—
    c.
    With dat., written in one word (post-Aug.).
    (α).
    To oppose a person by speaking against his views:

    solitum se etiam Thraseae contradicere,

    to oppose even Thrasea, Tac. H. 2, 91:

    tibi,

    Suet. Aug. 54:

    Curioni...,

    id. Rhet. 1. —Hence of answers and replies in law: quid si filium testatoris heres ejus prohibuit? Huic contradici potest: ergo pietatis, etc., he may be answered by this plea, etc., Dig. 11, 7, 14, § 13.—And of advisory answers opposed to one's legal views:

    volenti mihi ream adulterii postulare eam, etc., contradictum est,

    my views were disapproved, rejected, Dig. 48, 5, 11, § 10.—
    (β).
    To oppose an opinion, with dat. of the thing:

    cum plures tantum sententiis aliorum contradicerent,

    opposed the opinions, Tac. H. 1, 39.—
    (γ).
    To object to a motion or petition, with dat. of the petitioner:

    patrem qui damnavit optat ne is torqueatur: pater ei contradicit,

    the father objects, Quint. 9, 2, 81:

    cum ambienti ut legibus solveretur multi contradicerent,

    Suet. Caes. 18; Dig. 40, 5, 14; 40, 12, 33.—
    (δ).
    With dat. of the petition:

    preces erant, sed quibus contradici non posset,

    which could not be denied, Tac. H. 4, 46 fin.; Dig. 3, 1, 1, § 2.—
    (ε).
    To contest the validity of a law (rare):

    quibus (legibus) contradici potest,

    Quint. 7, 7, 4.—
    (ζ).
    To contradict an assertion (very rare):

    pro certis autem habemus... cuicunque adversarius non contradicit,

    Quint. 5, 10, 13.—
    d.
    With quin, to object:

    praetor Samnitibus respondit... nec contra dici quin amicitia de integro reconcilietur,

    there was no objection to a reconciliation, Liv. 8, 2, 2.
    C.
    To one's disadvantage; mostly predic. with esse, unfavorable, adverse, damaging (post-Aug.;

    but cf. II. B. 2.): ut eum qui responsurus est vel tacere, vel etiam invitum id quod sit contra cogat fateri,

    Quint. 7, 3, 14:

    cum verba (legis) contra sint,

    id. 7, 1, 49:

    sed experimentum contra fuit,

    unsuccessful, Tac. H. 2, 97 fin.:

    ubi fortuna contra fuit,

    id. ib. 3, 18:

    si fortuna contra daret,

    should be unfavorable, id. ib. 1, 65 fin.; id. A. 15, 13.
    D.
    Of logical opposition, with negative force.
    1.
    Of a direct contrast.
    a.
    Predicatively, with esse, fieri, etc., the contrary, the opposite:

    quod fieri totum contra manifesta docet res,

    but experience teaches that just the contrary is true, Lucr. 3, 686; 4, 1088:

    in stultitia contra est,

    with fools the reverse is true, Cic. Clu. 31, 84:

    in hac quidem re vereor ne etiam contra (i. e. sit),

    id. Att. 12, 46; id. Off. 1, 15, 49:

    quod contra est,

    Sall. J. 85, 21:

    quis non credat, etc.? Contra autem est,

    Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 12; id. Ep. 7, 3; Dig. 37, 4, 4:

    contra fore si, etc.,

    ib. 34, 2, 39, § 2:

    immo forsitan et contra (i. e. erit),

    ib. 41, 3, 49:

    ego contra puto (i. e. esse),

    Plin. Ep. 1, 20, 7; Lampr. Alex. Sev. 25.—
    b.
    With evenire, accidere, sentire, scribere, habere, etc.:

    utrumque contra accidit: istic enim bellum est exortum, hic pax consecuta,

    of both the contrary has happened, Cic. Fam. 12, 18, 2; so Dig. 38, 2, 51:

    id ego contra puto (sc.: faciendum esse),

    id. Att. 10, 8, 2:

    contra evenit in iis morbis,

    Sen. Ep. 52, 7; Plin. 2, 65, 65, § 163:

    ego contra sentio,

    Sen. Clem. 1, 15, 5; Sedig. ap. Gell. 15, 24, 4; Dig. 40, 2, 25:

    Proculus contra (sc. sentit),

    ib. 35, 2, 1, § 14; 33, 7, 25:

    licet Celsus contra scribat,

    ib. 9, 2, 21, § 1: contra probatur, Gai Inst. 2, 78; Dig. 33, 7, 12, § 34.—Very rarely referring to a term in the same clause:

    cujus disparem mitioremque naturam contra interpretabatur,

    interpreted in an opposite sense, misinterpreted, misunderstood, Tac. H. 4, 86 fin. —
    c.
    Referring to a word or phrase in the same predicate.
    (α).
    To an adverb, in an opposite manner, otherwise, differently, not, etc.:

    nam ad summam totius rei pertinet, caute an contra demonstrata res sit,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 81, 330: quod viriliter animoque fit, id, etc.;

    quod contra, id turpe,

    id. Off. 1, 27, 94:

    sit sapienter usus aut contra,

    Quint. 2, 5, 15:

    lactuca locis apricis optume autumno ponitur, mediterraneis aut frigidis contra ( = pessime),

    Col. 11, 3, 25.—
    (β).
    To a predicative adjective, not, the opposite, the reverse, etc.:

    ut aliae (res) probabiles videantur aliae contra,

    improbable, Cic. Ac. 2, 32, 103; id. Off. 2, 2, 7:

    quid est quod me impediat ea quae probabilia mihi videantur sequi, quae contra, improbare,

    id. ib. 2, 2, 8; id. Or. 2, 31, 135; Quint. 4, 2, 52.—
    (γ).
    To a verbal predicate:

    an frater fratri exsistat heres, an contra ( = annon),

    Dig. 34, 5, 19.—
    (δ).
    To a subject infinitive:

    laudare testem vel contra pertinet ad momentum judiciorum,

    praising or censuring a witness, Quint. 3, 7, 2.—
    (ε).
    To a clause, translated by not or by a repetition of the clause with a negative:

    quae secundum naturam essent, ea sumenda et quadam aestimatione dignanda docebat, contraque contraria,

    those that were not, not, Cic. Ac. 1, 10, 36: quod cuidam aut sapiens videor quod una non jerim, aut felix fuisse;

    mihi contra,

    id. Att. 9, 12, 4: an credibile est, incestum cum filia commissum? Et contra, veneficum in noverca, adulterum in luxurioso? and incredible, etc., Quint. 5, 10, 19; so Dig. 9, 1, 2, § 1.—
    (ζ).
    To an attributive genitive:

    Marius cognoscere quid boni utrisque or contra esset (i. e. mali),

    Sall. J. 88, 2:

    verum de origine laudis contraque perspiciemus suo tempore (i. e. vituperationis),

    Quint. 2, 4, 21:

    alii a propositione accusatoris contraque loci oriuntur,

    the accuser and the accused, id. 7, 2, 31;

    so in several titles of the Digests, as Depositi vel contra, = actio depositi, vel contraria actio depositarii,

    Dig. 16, 3 tit.; so ib. 16, 17, 1; 16, 13, 6; 16, 13, 7.—
    2.
    Reversing the relation of terms in the preceding sentence, the reverse, conversely, vice versa, etc.
    a.
    With its own predicate: saepe... corpus aegret, Cum tamen ex alia laetamur parte latenti;

    Et retro fit uti contra sit saepe vicissim, Cum miser ex animo laetatur corpore toto,

    Lucr. 3, 108: illa altera argumentatio, quasi retro et contra, prius sumit, etc., ( proceeding), so to speak, backward and in inverted order, Cic. Part. Or. 13, 46: neque illud ignoro, etc.; sed non idem accidit contra, but the converse is not true, Quint. 8, 6, 3; Gell. 4, 2, 5: ut vocabula verbis, verba rursus adverbiis, nomina appositis et pronominibus essent priora. Nam fit contra quoque frequenter non indecore. for often, not inelegantly, the order is reversed, Quint. 9, 4, 24:

    quae etiam contra valent,

    i. e. if the terms are reversed, id. 3, 7, 25; 9, 2, 49; 8, 6, 25; 9, 4, 72.—
    b.
    Belonging to the same predicate:

    ut quidque erit dicendum ita dicet, nec satura jejune, nec grandia minute, nec item contra,

    Cic. Or. 36, 123:

    cum emtor venditori, vel contra, heres exstitit,

    Dig. 35, 2, 48:

    in quibus patrium pro possessivo dicitur, vel contra,

    Quint. 1, 5, 45; 5, 10, 71:

    junguntur autem aut ex nostro et peregrino, ut biclinium, aut contra, ut epitogium et Anticato,

    id. 1, 5, 68:

    ut capras in montosis potius locis quam in herbidis (pascar), equas contra,

    but with mares the reverse is the case, Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 16:

    itaque ille dicere melius quam praecipere, nos contra fortasse possumus,

    Cic. Or. 42, 143:

    qua collegi solent ex his quae faciunt ea quae faciuntur, aut contra,

    or vice versa, Quint. 5, 10, 80; Dig. 14, 1, 1, § 12; 48, 5, 23, § 4.
    E.
    In logical antithesis of clauses with a merely rhet. force, on the contrary, on the other hand, vice versa; sometimes almost = sed or autem (freq.).
    1.
    In independent clauses.
    a.
    Opposing persons or parties: fortunam insanam esse... perhibent philosophi... Sunt autem alii philosophi qui contra Fortunam negant ullam exstare, Pac. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 23, 36 (Trag. Rel. v. 372 Rib.); Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68; Varr. R. R. 1, 8, 1:

    ego etiam quae tu sine Verre commisisti Verri crimini daturus sum... Tu, contra, ne quae ille quidem fecit, obicies,

    Cic. Div. in Caecil. 11, 35:

    ego contra ostendo, non modo nihil fecisse Sex. Roscium, sed, etc.,

    id. Rosc. Am. 29, 79; id. Phil. 8, 3, 8; id. Off. 1, 30, 108; id. Fin. 5, 22, 62:

    in Italia bellum gerimus, in sede ac solo nostro... Hannibal contra in aliena, in hostili est terra,

    Liv. 22, 39, 13; 21, 50, 2; 3, 15, 2; 6, 7, 4; 9, 35, 4 et saep.; Nep. Alcib. 8, 1; Vell. 2, 31, 4; Sen. Ep. 9, 14; id. Ira, 2, 33, 6; Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 113; Tac. H. 3, 84; 3, 57; Suet. Tib. 2; id. Vit. 2; Just. 2, 1, 10; 8, 4, 11:

    contra mercator, navim jactantibus austris Militia est potior?

    Hor. S. 1, 1, 6; 1, 2, 30; 1, 3, 27; Prop. 2, 1, 45; 2, 23, 13 (3, 17, 3); Sen. Hippol. 214;

    so with versa vice: barbarae gentes (Alexandrum) non ut hostem, sed ut parentem luxerunt... Contra Macedones versa vice non ut civem, sed ut hostem amissum gaudebant,

    Just. 13, 1, 7.—
    b.
    Introducing a secondary or parallel opposition of thought: in loco umidiore far potius serunt quam triticum;

    contra in aridiore hordeum potius quam far,

    Varr. R. R. 1, 9, 4; 1, 1, 47: si nihil esset quod inane vocaret, Omne foret solidum;

    nisi contra corpora certe Essent, etc., Omne quod est spatium vacuum constaret inane,

    Lucr. 1, 521; 4, 348; cf.:

    justa omnia decora sunt, injusta contra, ut turpia, sic indecora,

    Cic. Off. 1, 27, 94; id. N. D. 2, 15, 41; id. de Or. 3, 33, 136; id. Quint. 30, 93: id. Off. 3, 21, 84; id. Leg. 2, 1, 2: facilem esse rem... si modo unum omnes sentiant; contra in dissensione nullam se salutem perspicere, Caes. B. G, 5, 31; Liv. 25, 30, 3; Sen. Ben. 1, 5, 2; Plin. 12, 19, 42, § 92; 11, 14, 14, § 35; Suet. Caes. 73; Gell. 1, 4, 5:

    si male rem gerere insani est, contra bene, sani,

    Hor. S. 2, 3, 74.—
    2.
    In opposition to a dependent clause:

    ut hi miseri, sic contra illi beati quos, etc.,

    Cic. Tusc. 5, 6, 16; so id. de Or. 1, 45, 198; Quint. 9, 3, 39:

    cui ego rei tantum abest ut impedimento sim, ut contra te M. Manli adhorter, etc.,

    Liv. 6, 15, 5; 6, 31, 4:

    cum virtus adeo neminem spe ac pollicitatione corrumpat, ut contra in se inpendere jubeat, ac, etc.,

    Sen. Ben. 4, 1, 2: aut igitur negemus quidquam ratione confici, cum contra nihil sine ratione recte fieri possit, aut, etc., whereas on the contrary, etc., Cic. Tusc. 4, 38, 84; cf.:

    at contra,

    Lucr. 2, 392.—
    3.
    With co-ordinate conjunctions.
    a.
    Copulative, et contra or contraque (never with ac or atque); also nec contra (rare), and on the other hand.
    (α).
    With reference to a reason or conclusion, after nam, enim, cum, or itaque: nam et ratione uti... omnique in re quid sit veri videre et tueri decet, contraque falli [p. 454]... tam dedecet quam, etc., Cic. Off. 1, 27, 94:

    malus est enim custos... metus, contraque benevolentia fidelis,

    id. ib. 2, 7, 23:

    cum reficiat animos varietas ipsa, contraque sit aliquanto difficilius in labore uno perseverare,

    Quint. 1, 12, 4; 3, 8, 32; 8, 6, 20:

    itaque in probris maxime in promptu est, si quid tale dici potest, etc. Contraque in laudibus, etc.,

    Cic. Off. 1, 18, 61; cf. Suet. Calig. 51; so with nec:

    nam nec comoedia cothurnis assurgit, nec contra tragoedia socculo ingreditur,

    Quint. 10, 2, 22.—
    (β).
    With contrasted examples or illustrations, often after ut or sic:

    audivi ex majoribus natu, hoc idem fuisse in P. Scipione Nasica, contraque patrem ejus... nullam comitatem habuisse sermonis,

    Cic. Off. 1, 30, 109:

    ut suspitionibus credi oportere, et contra suspitionibus credi non oportere,

    id. Inv. 2, 15, 48; Quint. 8, 4, 1; 5, 10, 48; 9, 3, 7; 9, 4, 52; 11, 1, 14; Sen. Ep. 82, 14; Dig. 17, 1, 22, § 4.—
    (γ).
    With contrasted actions, assumptions, etc.:

    atque utinam qui ubique sunt propugnatores hujus imperii possent in hanc civitatem venire, et contra oppugnatores rei publicae de civitate exterminari!

    Cic. Balb. 22, 51:

    domo pignori data, et area ejus tenebitur... et contra jus soli sequitur aedificium,

    Dig. 13, 7, 21:

    equo et asina genitos mares, hinnos antiqui vocabant: contraque mulos quos asini et equae generassent,

    Plin. 8, 44, 69, § 17: ceterum potest ex lege quidem esse judicium, sed legitimum non esse, et contra ex lege non esse, sed legitimum esse, Gai Inst. 4, 109; Plin. 2, 65, 65, § 161; 35, 15, 5, § 183.—
    (δ).
    After a negative clause, affirming the opposite idea, et contra or contraque, but on the contrary:

    in quo (consulatu) ego imperavi nihil, et contra patribus conscriptis et bonis omnibus parui,

    Cic. Sull. 7, 21:

    nunc vero cum ne pulsus quidem ita sim ut superare non possim, contraque a populo Romano semper sim defensus, etc.,

    id. Dom. 33, 88; id. Fin. 2, 17, 55; id. Marcell. 6, 20; so,

    et contra,

    Suet. Tit. 7.—
    b.
    With adversative conjunctions, at contra, sed contra, contra autem, contra vero (not verum contra, nor contra tamen).
    (α).
    At contra (freq.), merely a strengthened contra (v. 1. supra): huc accedit uti mellis lactisque liquores Jucundo sensu linguae tractentur in ore;

    At contra taetri absinthi natura... foedo pertorqueat ora sapore,

    Lucr. 2, 400:

    cogunt,

    id. 2, 74; 1, 366; 2, 235 et saep.: nos qui domi sumus, tibi beati videmur;

    at contra nobis tu quidem... prae nobis beatus,

    Cic. Fam. 4, 4, 2; id. Tusc. 1, 3, 5; id. Rosc. Am. 45, 131; id. Verr. 2, 5, 26, § 66; Sall. J. 36, 2; 4, 7; 15, 3; id. C. 12, 5:

    ideo siccas aiunt Aethiopiae solitudines... At contra constat Germaniam abundare rivis,

    Sen. Q. N. 3, 6, 2; 1, 3, 1; id. Ep. 100, 7; Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 186; Suet. Galb. 15; Tac. A. 4, 28.—
    (β).
    Sed contra, after a negative sentence (class.):

    non quo acui ingenia adulescentium nollem, sed contra ingenia obtundi nolui,

    Cic. de Or. 3, 24, 93; id. Att. 9, 15, 3; id. Ac. 1, 10, 35; id. Fl. 11, 26:

    arma populi Romani non liberis servitutem, sed contra servientibus libertatem adferre,

    Liv. 45, 18, 1:

    tu ne cede malis, sed contra audentior ito,

    Verg. A. 6, 95; Plin. Ep. 1, 10, 12.—PostAug. also without a preceding negation:

    obiisse nostro Laium scelere autumant superi inferique: sed animus contra innocens... negat,

    Sen. Oedip. 765; Symm. Ep. 6, 81.—
    (γ).
    Contra autem (rare;

    in Cic. only where different subjects have contrasted predicates in dependent clauses): quia pacis est insigne toga, contra autem arma tumultus atque belli,

    Cic. Pis. 30, 73.—In later writers = contra alone:

    sub septemtrione aedificia... conversa ad calidas partes oportere fieri videntur. Contra autem sub impetu solis meridiani regionibus conversa ad septemtrionem... sunt facienda,

    Vitr. 6, 1, 2; Gell. 14, 2, 19; Dig. 7, 1, 25, § 3; 34, 3, 25.—
    (δ).
    Contra vero (very rare;

    not in Cic.), used for contra: contra vero quercus infinitam habet aeternitatem,

    Vitr. 2, 9, 8; 6, 1, 3; Cels. 3, 6 fin. —
    (ε).
    Atqui contra, App. Mag. p. 287, 24.—
    c.
    With disjunctive conjunctions, aut contra, vel contra, seu contra, or on the contrary, or conversely (always without change of subject).
    (α).
    Aut contra:

    num aut scriptum neget, aut contra factum infitietur?

    Cic. Part. Or. 38, 133: quae (mens) aut languescit... aut contra tumescit, etc., Quint. 1, 2, 18:

    si imbres defuere, aut contra abundavere,

    Plin. 17, 24, 37, § 228.—
    (β).
    Vel contra:

    hinc enim quaestiones oriuntur: Injuriam fecisti, sed quia magistratus, majestatis actio est? Vel contra: Licuit... quia magistratus?

    Quint. 5, 10, 40; 9, 4, 96; Suet. Galb. 3; Dig. 35, 2, 56, § 4; 8, 4, 6.—
    (γ).
    Seu contra:

    seu tristis veniam, seu contra laetus amicis,

    Prop. 1, 11, 25.—
    d.
    With causal conjunctions, nam contra (very rare;

    never contra enim): falso queritur de natura sua genus humanum quod, etc. Nam contra, reputando, neque majus aliud, neque praestabilius invenies,

    Sall. J. 1, 1; Quint. 1, 1, 1; 9, 2, 23. —
    4.
    In late Lat., e contra (also one word, ēcontrā) = contra,
    (α).
    In the meaning, the contrary (D. 1.):

    aliis vero econtra videtur,

    Hier. Ep. 12.—
    (β).
    Et econtra = et contra (E. 3. a.):

    honestiorum provectu et econtra suppliciis,

    Aur. Vict. Caes. 39, 45.—For quod contra, v. II. E. 1. c.—
    5.
    With emphatic particles.
    a.
    Quin contra, nay on the contrary, opposing an affirmative sentence to a preceding negative statement (quin etiam amplifies without opposition; sed contra opposes without amplification; quin contra both opposes and amplifies);

    not before Livy: num qui enim socordius rempublicam administrari post Calvi tribunatum... quam? etc. Quin contra patricios aliquot damnatos... neminem plebeium,

    Liv. 6, 37, 8; 31, 31, 9; 35, 26, 10; 37, 15, 3.—
    b.
    Immo contra (post-Aug.).
    (α).
    = no, on the contrary, refuting opinions, after questions and in the form of a dialogue:

    existimas nunc me detrahere tibi multas voluptates?... Immo contra, nolo tibi umquam deesse laetitiam,

    Sen. Ep. 23, 3; Dig. 33, 7, 5; 33, 7, 29.—
    (β).
    = sed contra, but on the contrary:

    proinde ne submiseris te, immo contra fige stabilem gradum,

    Sen. Cons. Marc. 5, 6; id. Cons. Polyb. 15, 2; cf. prep.:

    immo contra ea,

    Liv. 41, 24, 8; cf. II. E. 1. b. infra.—
    c.
    Item contra = an emphatic et contra (very rare):

    quoniam... beate vivere alii in alio, vos in voluptate ponitis, item contra miseriam in dolore, etc.,

    Cic. Fin. 2, 27, 86; cf. I. A. 3. g supra.
    F.
    With a comparative clause introduced by ac, atque, or quam, representing a logical or moral opposition (contra atque debuit = non ita ut debuit; cf. Cic. Or. 3, 19, 70); cf. prep., II. C. 3. g, and II. E. 2. infra.
    1.
    Of logical opposition, contrary to, different from, otherwise than; in the best prose only with atque or ac.
    (α).
    With atque:

    item, contra atque apud nos, fieri ad Elephantinem ut neque ficus neque vites amittant folia,

    Varr. R. R. 1, 7, 6:

    simulacrum Jovis, contra atque ante fuerat, ad orientem convertere,

    Cic. Cat. 3, 8, 20; id. Sull. 24, 69:

    judicium suscepturos contra atque omnis Italia populusque Romanus judicavisset,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 12; id. B. G. 4, 13; Plin. 12, 19, 43, § 95.—
    (β).
    With ac:

    itaque contra est ac dicitis,

    Cic. Fin. 4, 15, 41:

    vides, omnia fere contra ac dicta sint evenisse,

    id. Div. 2, 24, 53; so id. Verr. 2, 4, 6, § 11; id. Or. 40, 137:

    cum contra ac Deiotarus sensit victoria belli judicaret,

    id. Phil. 11, 13, 34:

    Petreius ubi videt, Catilinam, contra ac ratus erat, magna vi tendere, etc.,

    Sall. C. 60, 5.—
    (γ).
    With ac and atque:

    si denique aliquid non contra ac liceret factum diceretur, sed contra atque oporteret,

    Cic. Balb. 3, 7.—
    (δ).
    With quam (post-Aug.):

    cui contra quam proposuerat aliqua cesserunt,

    Sen. Ira, 3, 6, 5; Plin. 10, 53, 74, § 149; 11, 21, 24, § 72; Gell. 6 (7), 8, 6:

    contra quam licet,

    id. 1, 3, 19; Sil. 15, 107.—
    2.
    Of moral opposition of acts contrary to rules and principles (cf. II. 3. g infra); so always with quam:

    mater Aviti, generi sui, contra quam fas erat, amore capta,

    contrary to the divine law, Cic. Clu. 5, 12:

    ut senatus, contra quam ipse censuisset, ad vestitum rediret,

    contrary to its own resolution, id. Pis. 8, 18:

    contra quam ista causa postulasset,

    id. Caecin. 24, 67:

    contra quam sanctum legibus est,

    Liv. 30, 19, 9; Cic. Leg. 2, 5, 11; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 1, § 2; id. Dom. 46, 122:

    contraque faciunt quam polliceri videntur,

    Auct. Her. 4, 3, 6; Cic. de Or. 2, 20, 86.
    II.
    Prep. with acc., before, against, facing, towards, opposite to, contrary to (acc. to many scholars not ante-class.; cf. Hand, Turs. II. p. 108; but found Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 24 Fleck., a line omitted by Lorenz as a gloss; id. Pers. 1, 1, 13 Ritschl; Att. ap. Non. p. 469, 15, or Trag. Rel. v. 476 Rib.; cf. also Plaut. Poen. 5, 6, 18; Cato, R. R. 18, 1, and v. I. A. 1. a. b, and I. A. 1. b. a supra).
    A.
    Local uses.
    1.
    Opposite, over against, facing.
    a.
    Of countries and places (mostly of those separated by water;

    adversus and e regione mostly of places opposite by land): insulae natura triquetra, cujus unum latus est contra Galliam,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 13; 3, 9; 4, 20:

    ad insulam quae est contra Massiliam,

    id. B. C. 1, 56; 3, 23:

    Rhodios, pacatis contra insulam suam terris, etc.,

    Liv. 37, 15, 7; 3, 26, 8:

    Carthago Italiam contra,

    Verg. A. 1, 13; 5, 124; Ov. M. 14, 17:

    insulae quae contra Tauri promuntorium inopportune navigantibus objacent, Chelidoniae nominantur,

    Mel. 2, 7; Plin. 3, 26, 30, § 151; 6, 28, 32, § 152; 5, 7, 7, § 41; Tac. A. 3, 1; id. H. 2, 17.—
    b.
    Of the heavenly bodies:

    donique (luna) eum (sc. solem) contra pleno bene lumine fulsit,

    Lucr. 5, 708:

    contra Volucris rostrum posita est Lyra,

    Vitr. 9, 4, 5; Sen. Q. N. 1, 5, 9; 1, 8, 3; Plin. 2, 31, 31, § 99; 5, 10, 10, § 56.—So, tertium (latus Britanniae) est contra septem triones, opposite ( facing); hence, contra meridiem and contra ortus (instead of ad or adversus meridiem, etc.), facing the south and east, Plin. 6, 24, 24, § 85; 17, 2, 2, § 22. —So of a person standing in the sunlight:

    cum minima umbra (i. e. a sole) contra medium fiet hominem,

    Plin. 18, 33, 76, § 327; cf.:

    contra mediam faciem meridies erit,

    id. 18, 33, 76, § 326.—
    c.
    Of opposite ends of a line.
    (α).
    Of the diameter of the earth: esse e regione nobis e contraria parte terrae qui adversis vestigiis stent contra nostra vestigia, quos antipodas vocatis, Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123.—
    (β).
    Of a line drawn:

    contra autem E littera I erit ubi secat circinationem linea,

    opposite the point E will be the letter I, Vitr. 9, 7, 4.—
    d.
    Of buildings, etc.:

    contra hoc aviarium est aliud minus in quo quae mortuae sunt aves curator servare solet,

    Varr. R. R. 3, 5, 5; Vitr. 5, 6, 3; 3, 5, 15:

    (statuam) quae fuerit contra Jovis Statoris aedem in vestibulo Superbi domus,

    Plin. 34, 6, 13, § 29:

    contra medium fere porticum diaeta paulum recedit,

    Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 20; 2, 17, 5; Suet. Aug. 44.—
    e.
    Of places on the human body:

    id quod contra stomachum est,

    Cels. 4, 5 (4, 12 med.); 7, 7;

    4, 20 (13).—Of the direction of the intestines, etc.: ea... contra medium alvum orsa,

    Cels. 4, 1 fin. —
    2.
    Of actions, opposite, towards, against, facing (syn.:

    adversus, ad, e regione,

    Caes. B. G. 7, 61).
    a.
    In gen.:

    quamvis subito... quamque Rem contra speculum ponas, apparet imago,

    Lucr. 4, 156: Democritus... clipeum constituit contra exortum Hyperionis, Laber. ap. Gell. 10, 17, 4:

    et contra magnum potes hos (i.e. oculos) attollere solem, Nec tremis...?

    Prop. 1, 15, 37; Col. 7, 3, 8:

    rex constiterat contra pedites,

    Curt. 10, 9, 13; 9, 5, 1:

    ne contra septentrionem paveris,

    Plin. 18, 33, 76, § 330; 28, 6, 19, § 69:

    contra solem varie refulgens,

    placed in the sun, id. 37, 10, 63, § 173; 10, 54, 75, § 151; 37, 6, 22, § 83;

    37, 7, 25, § 95: cum terrestres volucres contra aquam clangores dabunt,

    id. 18, 35, 87, § 363; 19, 8, 39, § 131.—
    b.
    Dependent on verbs of motion (very rare without the idea of hostility):

    (Dinocrates) incessit contra tribunal regis jus dicentis,

    towards, Vitr. 2, praef. 1.—So trop., of actions done for a purpose:

    lege Cornelia de sicariis tenetur qui, cum in magistratu esset, eorum quid fecerit contra hominis necem quod legibus permissum non sit,

    Dig. 48, 8, 4.—
    c.
    Appositively, with the predicate: (elephanti) tanta narratur clementia contra minus validos, ut, etc., if fronting weaker animals, if brought in contact with them (not to be connected with clementia), Plin. 8, 7, 7, § 23.—Similarly: dum... fidens non est contra feram, if fronting the animal (not dependent on fidens), Plin. 8, 16, 21, § 57.—
    d.
    Against an opposing action, etc.:

    contra vim atque impetum fluminis conversa,

    Caes. B. G. 4, 17, 5:

    cum plateae contra directos ventos erunt conformatae,

    Vitr. 1, 6, 8:

    ut contra ventum gregem pascamus,

    Col. 7, 3, 12; Sen. Q. N. 2, 31, 2; Plin. 29, 3, 12, § 52; 17, 2, 2, § 21; 8, 16, 21, § 54:

    contra fluminum impetus aggeribus,

    id. 35, 14, 48, § 169:

    capite in sole contra pilum peruncto,

    id. 27, 4, 5, § 17; 18, 35, 88, § 364; Varr. ap. Plin. 7, 20, 19, § 83; Sil. 14, 352; Dig. 9, 2, 29, § 4. [p. 455] — Trop.:

    contra fortunam tenendus est cursus,

    Sen. Prov. 5, 9.—Prov.:

    contra stimulum calces,

    kick against the pricks, Isid. Orig. 1, 36, 28 (al. calcitres); cf. Amm. 18, 5, 1.—
    e.
    Of local actions with hostile intent.
    (α).
    Lit.:

    quae vis Coclitem contra omnes hostium copias tenuit?

    Cic. Par. 1, 2, 12:

    Pompeium Cartejae receptum scribis: jam igitur contra hunc exercitum (sc. constitit),

    id. Att. 15, 20, 3:

    pertimescam, credo, ne mihi non liceat contra vos in contione consistere,

    to face you, id. Agr. 1, 8, 25; Lepidus ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 34, 1; Caes. B. C. 1, 26:

    a fronte contra hostem pedum quindecim fossam fieri jussit,

    id. ib. 1, 41; 1, 42; id. B. G. 7, 62:

    Tullus adversus Veientem hostem derigit suos: Albanos contra legionem Fidenatium collocat,

    Liv. 1, 27, 5; 24, 41, 5; 38, 4, 5; Verg. A. 12, 279; Front. Strat. 2, 2, 13; 2, 3, 17.—Appositively, with a local verb understood:

    terribilis haec contra fugientes belua est, fugax contra insequentes,

    i. e. if fronting, if placed opposite, Plin. 8, 25, 38, § 92.—
    (β).
    Trop.:

    castra sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in Etruriae faucibus collocata,

    Cic. Cat. 1, 2, 5; id. Mil. 1, 2; Quint. 7, 7, 5:

    tum contra hanc Romam illa altera Roma quaeretur,

    will be as a rival against this Rome, Cic. Agr. 2, 22, 86:

    cui rationi contra homines barbaros atque imperitos locus fuisset, hac ne ipsum quidem sperare, etc.,

    Caes. B. G. 1, 40:

    (Cicero) plerumque contra inimicos atque obtrectatores plus vindicat sibi,

    when fronting adversaries, Quint. 11, 1, 23.—
    f.
    In partic.
    (α).
    Stare contra aliquem (opp. stare ab aliquo); usu. implying hostility; mostly trop., to stand against, to be arrayed against, to face, oppose:

    quod contra hoc exemplum nulla staret eorum ratio,

    Auct. Her. 4, 5, 7:

    contra populi studium,

    Cic. Brut. 34, 126:

    contra civium perditorum... dementiam a senatu et a bonorum causa,

    id. ib. 79, 273; so,

    a mendacio contra veritatem,

    id. Inv. 1, 3, 4:

    contra cives in acie,

    id. Att. 16, 11, 2:

    et adversi contra stetit ora juvenci,

    opposite, Verg. A. 5, 477; 5, 414:

    haec enim (ratio) sola... stat contra fortunam,

    Sen. Ep. 14, 4, 2: contra leonem etiam stetit, fronted, i. e. hunted, Spart. Carac. 5 fin. —
    (β).
    Contra aliquem ire:

    aut saevos Libyae contra ire leones,

    Stat. Th. 9, 16.— Trop.:

    uti contra injurias armati eatis,

    Sall. J. 31, 6:

    interritus (sapiens) et contra illa (mala) ibit et inter illa,

    Sen. Ep. 59, 8; cf.: contra venire, II. B. 1. c. b infra, and v. also II. B. 2. b. and II. B. 1. b. infra.—
    3.
    Transf.,
    a.
    To persons placed together for comparison:

    C. vero Caesar, si foro tantum vacasset, non alius ex nostris contra Ciceronem nominaretur,

    Quint. 10, 1, 114:

    CORONATO CONTRA OMNES SCAENICOS,

    Inscr. Grut. p. 331, n. 4.—
    b.
    To things compared, as if weighed against each other as to their value, strength, etc.
    (α).
    Lit. (very rare):

    quamcunque vis rem expende, et contra aquam statue... Si gravior est, leviorem rem... feret, etc.,

    Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 5.—
    (β).
    Prop.:

    cujus (i. e. generis humani) causa videtur cuncta alia genuisse natura, magna saeva mercede contra tanta sua munera,

    Plin. 7, 1, 1, § 1:

    qui amicus esse coepit quia expedit, placebit ei aliquod pretium contra amicitiam,

    Sen. Ep. 9, 9:

    numquam ulli fortiores cives fuerunt quam qui ausi sunt eum contra tantas opes ejus... condemnare,

    Cic. Fam. 7, 2, 3:

    tantum studium bonorum in me exstitisse, contra incredibilem contentionem clarissimi et potentissimi viri,

    id. ib. 7, 2, 2; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 9, 3:

    nomen prorogans nostrum et memoriam extendens contra brevitatem aevi,

    as a compensation for, Plin. 2, 63, 63, § 154.—So esp., valere contra, to weigh against, counterbalance, avail or prevail against: non vereor ne meae vitae modestia parum valitura sit contra falsos rumores, Matius ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 8:

    (illa facta) pro periculo potius quam contra salutem valere debere,

    Cic. Part. Or. 35, 120; id. Off. 3, 29, 104:

    contrane lucrum nil valere Pauperis ingenium?

    Hor. Epod. 11, 11; Sen. Ben. 4, 15, 1; id. Cons. Helv. 5, 5; so,

    robur habere contra: si contra unamquamlibet partem fortunae satis tibi roboris est,

    id. ib. 13, 2;

    so of counterchecks: in Creta decem qui cosmoe vocantur, ut contra consulare imperium tribuni plebis, sic illi contra vim regiam constituti,

    Cic. Rep. 2, 33, 58.—Of antidotes: cimicum natura contra serpentium morsus valere dicitur, item contra venena omnia, Plin. 29, 4, 17, § 61.—Hence,
    c.
    Colloq., aliquid contra aurum est, something is worth gold, is superb, both predicatively and attributively (cf.: auro contra, I. A. 2. supra): hujusce pomaria in summa Sacra Via ubi poma veneunt, contra aurum imago, a spectacle for gold, i. e. a magnificent sight, Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 10 MSS. (al. aliter):

    numcubi hic vides citrum... num quod emblema aut lithostratum? quae illic omnia contra aurum,

    superb, id. ib. 3, 2, 4 MSS. (Schneid. omits aurum, ex conj.):

    oneravi vinum, et tunc erat contra aurum,

    Petr. 7, 6.—
    d.
    Transf., of replies, with aiebat, inquit, etc.; both in friendly and inimical sense; esp., contra ea, contra haec, = the adv. contra:

    contra ea Titurius sero facturos clamitabat, etc.,

    Caes. B. G. 5, 29:

    contra ea Verginius unum Ap. Claudium et legum expertem et, etc., aiebat,

    Liv. 3, 57, 1; 24, 45, 4:

    quae contra breviter fata est vates,

    Verg. A. 6, 398:

    contra quod disertus Tu impie fecisti inquit, etc.,

    Quint. 7, 1, 53 (cf.: contra ea, II. E. 1. infra).
    B.
    Denoting hostility or disadvantage.
    1.
    With verbs of hostile action.
    a.
    Of physical exertion:

    pugnavere et tertio consulatu ejus viginti (elephanti) contra pedites quingentos,

    Plin. 8, 7, 7, § 22:

    proelium Afri contra Aegyptios primi fecere fustibus,

    id. 7, 56, 57, § 200; 8, 40, 61, § 142. —
    b.
    Referring to warfare (usu. adversus), bellum gerere (rarely for cum or adversus; but contra patriam, contra aras, etc., not cum patria, etc.; cf.

    bellum, II. A. 1. e.): a quo prohibitos esse vos contra Caesarem gerere bellum (opp. pro),

    Cic. Lig. 8, 25; id. Phil. 5, 10, 27; Liv. Ep. 129.—With bellum suscipere:

    contra Antonium,

    Cic. Phil. 8, 2, 5; so,

    contra patriam,

    id. Sull. 20, 58:

    pugnare contra patriam,

    id. ib. 25, 70:

    contra conjuges et liberos,

    Sen. Ben. 5, 15, 5:

    armatum esse contra populum Romanum,

    Cic. Prov. Cons. 13, 32.—With arma ferre (freq.), Cic. Phil. 2, 29, 72; 13, 21, 47; Liv. 28, 28, 15; Nep. Att. 4, 2; Tib. 1, 6, 30; Ov. M. 4, 609; 13, 269; id. P. 1, 1, 26.—With arma sumere or capere, Cic. Rab. Perd. 6, 19; id. Phil. 4, 1, 2; 4, 3, 7:

    armis contendere contra,

    Caes. B. G. 2, 13:

    arma alicui dare (trop.),

    Cic. Phil. 2, 21, 53:

    aciem instruere (trop.),

    Liv. 25, 4, 4:

    exercitum comparare,

    Cic. Phil. 3, 6, 14; 4, 1, 2:

    exercitum instruere,

    id. Cat. 2, 11, 24:

    exercitum ducere and adducere,

    id. Phil. 4, 2, 5; 3, 4, 11:

    exercitum contra Philippum mittere,

    id. Inv. 1, 12, 17:

    naves ducere contra,

    Hor. Epod. 4, 19:

    ducere contra hostes,

    Liv. 1, 27, 4:

    florem Italiae educere contra,

    Cic. Cat. 2, 11, 24:

    proficisci contra,

    to march against, Liv. 1, 11, 3; 8, 2, 5:

    auxilium ferre Rutulis contra Latinos,

    Plin. 14, 12, 14, § 88:

    juvare aliquem contra,

    Caes. B. C. 1, 35:

    consilium inire contra Sequanos,

    to take hostile measures against, id. B. G. 6, 12.—
    c.
    Of legal contention (more freq. adversus, except with verbs of saying).
    (α).
    In gen., with agere or causam agere, to act as counsel against a party or his attorney:

    cum agerem contra hominem disertissimum nostrae civitatis,

    Cic. Caecin. 33, 97; id. Brut. 63, 226; Sen. Ben. 4, 15, 3; Quint. 11, 1, 59.—Causam recipere or suscipere contra, to accept a retainer against:

    (causam) quam receperam contra pueros Octavios,

    Cic. Att. 13, 49, 1; Quint. 6, 1, 12; Plin. Ep. 4, 17, 1.—Adesse alicui contra, to appear, act as one's counsel against:

    rogavit me Caecilius ut adessem contra Satrium,

    Cic. Att. 1, 1, 3; Plin. Ep. 1, 7, 5 al.; cf.:

    esse contra,

    id. ib. 1, 18, 3.— Trop.: conquesturus venit;

    at contra se adfuit et satisfacienti satisfecit,

    Sen. Fragm. Amic. 14, 1, 89:

    causam defendere contra,

    against the accuser, Cic. de Or. 1, 39, 178:

    statuere contra aliquem (sc. causam),

    to establish a case against an adversary, id. Or. 10, 34:

    actio competit contra,

    Dig. 49, 14, 41:

    querelam instituere contra,

    ib. 5, 2, 21, § 1:

    bonorum possessionem petere contra,

    ib. 5, 2, 23:

    jus obtinere contra,

    Cic. Quint. 9, 34:

    pugnare contra,

    to struggle against the accuser, id. Sull. 17, 49; id. Verr. 1, 11, 33:

    id quod mihi contra illos datum est,

    i. e. a local advantage over, id. Tull. 14, 33:

    judicare contra aliquem,

    id. Fl. 20, 48; Dig. 21, 2, 55; 5, 2, 14; Just. Inst. 4, 17, 2:

    pronuntiare contra,

    Paul. Sent. 5, 34, 2: dare sententiam contra, Dig. 21, 2, 56, § 1:

    decernere contra,

    Cic. Fl. 31, 76:

    appellare contra aliquem,

    Dig. 49, 1, 3; 49, 5, 6; cf.:

    contra sententiam,

    Cod. Just. 7, 62, 32, § 2.—Sentire contra aliquem, to have an opinion unfavorable to:

    cur vos (cum) aliquid contra me sentire dicatis, etc.,

    Cic. Caecin. 27, 79.—
    (β).
    Venire contra aliquem, to appear as counsel for one's adversary:

    quid tu, Saturi, qui contra hunc venis, existimas aliter?

    Cic. Rosc. Com. 6, 18; id. Mur. 4, 9; id. Phil. 8, 6, 18.—Venire contra rem alicujus, to give advice damaging one's interests:

    contra rem suam me venisse questus est,

    Cic. Phil. 2, 2, 3.—
    (γ).
    With dicere and other verbs of saying. (aa) Of a lawyer pleading against a lawyer:

    ipse ille Mucius, quid in illa causa cum contra te diceret, attulit quod? etc.,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 57, 244:

    cum ille contra me pro Sex. Naevio diceret,

    id. Brut. 60, 2, 7; id. de Or. 2, 7, 30; id. Rosc. Am. 15, 45; id. Div. in Caecil. 14, 44; id. Planc. 2, 5; id. Brut. 26, 102; so,

    causam dicere,

    id. Or. 2, 23, 98:

    causam perorare,

    id. Quint. 24, 77.—(bb) Of a lawyer's pleading against the parties: dic mihi, M. Pinari, num si contra te dixero mihi male dicturus es? Servil. ap. Cic. de Or. 2, 65, 261; 3, 34, 138; 1, 14, 60; id. Or. 35, 123; Quint. 11, 1, 57; cf. with ellipsis of acc.:

    quorum alter pro Aufldia, contra dixit alter,

    id. 10, 1, 22.—(ng) Of a party against a lawyer:

    si Gaditani contra me dicerent,

    if the Gaditani were my adversaries, Cic. Balb. 17, 38.—(dd) Of witnesses and experts, and the pleadings against them:

    si decressent legationem quae contra istum diceret,

    Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 4, § 12: contra testes dicere (opp. a testibus or pro testibus). Auct. Her. 2, 6, 9; Cic. de Or. 2, 27, 118 (cf.:

    testimonium in aliquem dicere,

    id. Sull. 17, 48; Quint. 7, 4, 36):

    contra juris consultos dicere,

    against their legal opinions, Cic. Caecin. 24, 69.—So of witnesses in scientific questions:

    contra testes dicendum est,

    Sen. Q. N. 7, 16, 1.—(ee) Dicere or contendere aliquid contra aliquem, to maintain a point against:

    cum interrogamus adversarios... quid contra nos dici possit,

    Auct. Her. 4, 23, 33:

    tamenne vereris ut possis hoc contra Hortensium contendere?

    Cic. Quint. 25, 78. —
    d.
    Of literary adversaries, mostly with verbs of saying and writing:

    cum scriberem contra Epicurios,

    Cic. Att. 13, 38, 1:

    contra Epicurum satis superque dictum est,

    id. N. D. 2, 1, 2:

    contra Brutum,

    id. Tusc. 5, 8, 21:

    contra Academiam,

    id. Ac. 2, 19, 63; id. Fin. 1, 1, 2; 5, 8, 22; id. Tusc. 5, 11, 32; 5, 30, 84; id. Ac. 2, 4, 17:

    contra autem omnia disputatur a nostris,

    id. Off. 2, 2, 8.—
    e.
    Of public and political adversaries (syn. adversus and in).
    (α).
    In gen.:

    sentire contra,

    Cic. Mil. 2, 5:

    pugnare contra bonos,

    id. Sull. 25, 71:

    contra eos summa ope nitebatur nobilitas,

    Sall. C. 38, 2; Cic. Sest. 19, 42; 52, 112:

    (tribuni) qui aut contra consulem, aut pro studio ejus pugnabant,

    Liv. 39, 32, 12.—
    (β).
    Of political speaking:

    cum (Cato) eo ipso anno contra Serv. Galbam ad populum summa contentione dixisset,

    Cic. Brut. 20, 80; so id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 53; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 9, 1.—
    f.
    Of hostile or criminal acts in gen. (syn.:

    adversus, in): inire consilia contra,

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 38, 110; id. Cat. 1, 7, 18:

    manum comparare contra aliquem,

    id. Sull. 24, 68:

    conjurationem facere,

    id. ib. 4, 12:

    congredi,

    id. Lig. 3, 9; Sall. J. 64, 4:

    aliquid contra imperatorem moliri,

    Just. Inst. 4, 18, 3:

    nec dolor armasset contra sua viscera matrem,

    against her own offspring Ov. R. Am. 59.—Facere contra (more freq. with abstr. objects; cf. II. C. 1. f. b infra): nunc te contra Caesarem facere summae stultitiae est, to take parts against, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 16, 2:

    eae (res) contra nos ambae faciunt,

    operate against us, id. Quint. 1, 1.—With verbs of saying, etc.:

    homo disertus non intellegit, eum quem contra dicit laudari a se?

    Cic. Phil. 2, 8, 18; 2, 1, 2; 2, 21, 51; Sen. Ep. 15, 3, 70:

    epigramma quod contra quamdam Gelliam scripsit,

    Lampr. Alex. Sev. 38:

    disputare contra deos, in two signif.: contra deum licet disputare liberius,

    to accuse, reproach a god, Cic. N. D. 3, 31, 76; but: mala et impia consuetudo est contra deos disputandi, to reason against the gods, i. e. against their existence, id. ib. 2, 67, 168.—
    2.
    Predicatively, with esse (videri, etc.), against, injurious to, unfavorable, prejudicial, to one's disadvantage: ut [p. 456] ex senatusconsulto neque cujus intersit, neque contra quem sit intellegi possit, Cic. Mur. 32, 68; id. de Or. 3, 20, 75; 2, 74, 299; 2, 81, 330; id. Sull. 13, 39; Sen. Ben. 6, 31, 6:

    licentiam malis dare certe contra bonos est,

    injurious to, Quint. 4, 2, 75:

    res contra nos est, of unfavorable chances in a lawsuit,

    id. 4, 66, 1; 4, 2, 75; 5, 13, 32.—Often, contra aliquem = quod est contra aliquem, referring to indef. pronouns or adjectives:

    nihil contra me fecit odio mei = nihil quod esset contra me,

    Cic. Har. Resp. 3, 5; id. Off. 3, 31, 112:

    quibus (temporibus) aliquid contra Caesarem Pompeio suaserim,

    id. Phil. 2, 10, 24.—
    3.
    Added adverb. to the predicate, mostly referring to purpose, with hostile intent, for the purpose of some hostile act, in order to oppose, in opposition:

    Caesarine eam (provinciam) tradituri fuistis, an contra Caesarem retenturi?

    or keep it against Caesar, Cic. Lig. 7, 23:

    sero enim resistimus ei quem per annos decem aluimus contra nos,

    id. Att. 7, 5, 5:

    judicium illud pecunia esse temptatum non pro Cluentio, sed contra Cluentium,

    id. Clu. 4, 9; id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 52; id. Ac. 2, 28, 92:

    cum quae facitis ejusmodi sint ut ea contra vosmet ipsos facere videamini,

    id. Rosc. Am. 36, 104; Sen. Ep. 3, 7, 3: Curio se contra eum totum parat, i. e. to speak against him, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 10; Caes. B. C. 1, 85 ter; Sen. Q. N. 1, 7, 1; Plin. 16, 39, 74, § 192; Plin. Pan. 41.—So with the force of a temporal clause:

    fidem meam quam essent contra Massam Baebium experti,

    in the suit against, Plin. Ep. 3, 4, 4.—
    4.
    Dependent on adjectives (rare):

    contra se ipse misericors,

    to his own injury, Phaedr. 4, 18, 3:

    severissimus judex contra fures,

    Lampr. Alex. Sev. 28.—
    5.
    With nouns.
    a.
    Acc. to 1. b.:

    ut quam maximae contra Hannibalem copiae sint,

    Cic. Inv. 1, 12, 17; cf. Vell. 2, 76, 3.—
    b.
    Acc. to 1. c. and 1. e.; so esp., oratio contra (cf.: oratio in).
    (α).
    Oratio contra (never in), of an address against the counsel of a party or against the prosecutor:

    quid in omni oratione Crassus vel apud centumviros contra Scaevolam, vel contra accusatorem Brutum, cum pro Cn. Plancio diceret?

    Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 220; cf.:

    Cato pro se contra Cassium = in oratione contra,

    Gell. 10, 15, 3; so,

    haec perpetua defensio contra Scaevolam,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 221:

    orationem illam egregiam quam (Aeschines) in Ctesiphontem contra Demosthenem dixerat,

    id. ib. 3, 56, 213.—
    (β).
    Of an address against the party, either in judicial or political affairs:

    unam orationem contra Gracchum reliquit,

    Cic. Brut. 26, 99:

    (Demosthenis) oratio contra Leptinem... contra Aeschinem falsae legationis,

    id. Or. 31, 111; Gell. 10, 24, 10; 10, 18, 91; Cic. Brut. 46, 169; Quint. 12, 10, 61; Cic. de Or. 2, 11, 45; id. Brut. 44, 164; Gell. 13, 25 (24), 15; cf. Quint. 4, 3, 13; 11, 2, 25.—
    c.
    Acc. to 1. f.:

    contra patres concitatio et seditio,

    Cic. Brut. 14, 56.—Of animals:

    contra volpium genus communibus inimicitiis,

    Plin. 10, 76, 96, § 207.
    C.
    With inanimate and abstract objects.
    1.
    Directly dependent on verbs (cf. B. 1.).
    a.
    Of physical or moral exertion:

    cum fulmina contra Tot paribus streperet clipeis,

    Verg. A. 10, 567:

    pugnandum tamquam contra morbum, sic contra senectutem,

    Cic. Sen. 11, 35:

    contra verum niti,

    Sall. J. 35, 8:

    contra fortunam luctari,

    Sen. Ben. 7, 15, 2; id. Brev. Vit. 10, 1; id. Ep. 78, 15; 99, 32; cf. Cic. Off. 1, 31, 110.—
    b.
    Of warfare (lit. and trop.):

    bellum contra aras, focos, vitam fortunasque gerere,

    Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 1:

    bellum gerimus... contra arma verbis,

    id. Fam. 12, 22, 1.—So of logical contradictions:

    artificis autem est invenire in actione adversarii quae semet ipsa pugnent,

    Quint. 5, 13, 30.—
    c.
    Of legal contention.
    (α).
    Of the actions of the counsel or prosecutor: dicere, or perorare, agere contra aliquid, to plead against, contest something:

    contra argumenta, rumores, tabulas, quaestiones (opp. ab argumentis, etc.),

    Auct. Her. 2, 6, 9 sqq.; Cic. de Or. 2, 27, 118:

    contra ratiocinationem,

    id. Inv. 2, 50, 153: contra scriptum dicere, to contest, controvert a written law or a document, id. ib. 2, 47, 138; 2, 48, 143; id. Brut. 39, 145; Quint. 7, 7, 1:

    contra caput dicere,

    to plead against life, Cic. Quint. 13, 44 (cf.:

    servum in caput domini interrogare,

    Paul. Sent. 1, 1, 34; 5, 16, 5 and 8; 5, 46, 3): contra libertatem agere, Dig. 40, 12, 26.—Pregn.:

    contra rerum naturam, contraque consuetudinem hominum dicere (opp. contra nos dicere),

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 15, 45.—
    (β).
    Of judicial decisions contradicting documents, etc.:

    contra tabulas judicare,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 70, 281:

    contra testamentum,

    Dig. 2, 17, § 1:

    contra sententiam dicere,

    ib. 49, 8, 1, § 2.—
    (γ).
    Admittere aliquem contra bona, to admit a petition for bonorum possessio (cf.:

    inmittere in bona),

    Dig. 38, 2, 3, § 6.—
    d.
    Of antagonism in literary and ethical questions.
    (α).
    To contend that something is false:

    dicere, disputare, disserere contra opinionem or sententiam,

    Cic. Tusc. 1, 4, 8; 5, 19, 55; id. de Or. 3, 18, 67; id. Fin. 5, 4, 10; id. Ac. 2, 18, 60; Sen. Ira, 1, 3, 3; id. Ep. 87, 5; 102, 5 (cf.:

    in sententiam dicere,

    in support of an opinion, Caes. B. G. 1, 45):

    contra sensus dicere,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 101:

    contra rhetoricen dicere,

    Quint. 2, 17, 40.—
    (β).
    Of criticism, hostility to principles, etc.:

    contra Iliadem et Odysseam scribere,

    Vitr. 7, praef. 8:

    contra quorum disciplinam ingenium ejus exarserat,

    Cic. Tusc. 5, 29, 83.—
    (γ).
    Ethically:

    contra voluptatem dicere,

    that pleasure is a moral evil, Cic. Fin. 5, 8, 21:

    contra mortem loqui,

    that death is no evil, Sen. Ep. 82, 7;

    in both senses: contra vitia, pericula, fortunam, ambitionem,

    id. ib. 100, 10:

    contra fortunam gloriari,

    that fortune has no power over him, Cic. Tusc. 5, 9, 26; Sen. Ep. 26, 5.—
    e.
    Of public and political acts and speeches:

    contra potentiam accusatorum dicere,

    Cic. Brut. 44, 164:

    contra legem dicere or verba facere,

    id. Imp. Pomp. 15, 53; Liv. 34, 8, 1:

    rogationem ferre contra coloniam ( = contra legem de colonia deducenda),

    Cic. Clu. 51, 140; Auct. Her. 1, 17, 21; Plin. 8, 17, 24, § 64.—
    f.
    Of hostility, injury, wrongs, etc.
    (α).
    In gen.:

    senatusconsulto quod contra dignitatem tuam fieret,

    directed against, Cic. Fam. 12, 29, 2:

    contra rem publicam se commovere,

    id. Cat. 1, 26; 1, 3, 7:

    incitari,

    id. Sest. 47, 100:

    consilia inire,

    id. Agr. 2, 3, 8:

    conjurationem facere,

    Sall. C. 30, 6:

    contra salutem urbis incitari,

    Cic. Cat. 3, 8, 20:

    cogitare aliquid contra salutem,

    id. ib. 3, 9, 21: contra voluntatem or studium dicere, to oppose one's will in a speech:

    esse aliquem in civitate qui contra ejus (Chrysogoni) voluntatem dicere auderet,

    id. Rosc. Am. 22, 60; id. Phil. 1, 11, 28; id. de Or. 3, 34, 138; id. Mur. 4, 10; Tac. H. 2, 91:

    ne quid contra aequitatem contendas, ne quid pro injuria,

    do not array yourself against equity, Cic. Off. 2, 20, 71.— Trop.:

    quis non contra Marii arma, contra Suliae proscriptionem irascitur? ( = Mario propter arma, Sullae propter proscriptionem),

    Sen. Ira, 2, 2, 3.—
    (β).
    In partic.: facere contra aliquid (syn. adversus), to commit an offence against, to transgress, etc.:

    si quis ad Antonium profectus esset... senatus existimaturum eum contra rem publicam fecisse,

    Cic. Phil. 8, 11, 33; id. Mil. 5, 13; 6, 14; id. Off. 3, 10, 43; 3, 25, 95; S. C. ap. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 6; Liv. 25, 4, 7; so,

    contra salutem rei publicae facere,

    Cic. Dom. 38, 102:

    contra majestatem,

    against the emperor, Dig. 48, 4, 5:

    contra leges,

    Cic. Dom. 18, 48; id. Vatin. 7, 18; id. Fin. 2, 17, 55; id. Mur. 32, 67; id. de Or. 3, 19, 70; cf. id. Clu. 34, 92; id. Mur. 32, 68; id. Dom. 14, 38; id. Phil. 10, 6, 13; Gai Inst. 4, 121:

    contra edictum (praetoris),

    Cic. Verr 2, 3, 10, § 25; Dig. 39, 1, 20, § 1:

    contra foedus,

    Cic. Balb. 6, 16:

    contra jusjurandum ac fidem,

    id. Off. 3, 10, 43; id. Lael. 3, 30, 74; id. Verr. 2, 3, 3, § 7; Prop. 3, 30, 44 (2, 32, 44).—And ironically:

    tune contra Caesaris nutum (sc. facies)?

    Cic. Att. 14, 10, 1.—Rarely contra ea facere = contra facere, adverb. (cf. I. B. 8. and II. E. 1. b.):

    corpus in civitatem inferri non licet... et qui contra ea fecerit, extra ordinem punitur,

    Paul. Sent. 1, 21, 2; 1, 21, 12.—
    2.
    Predicatively with esse (usu. impers.), in violation of, in conflict with, contrary to (cf. 3. g).
    (α).
    With esse expressed as the predicate:

    hominem hominis incommodo suum augere commodum magis est contra naturam quam mors,

    Cic. Off. 3, 5, 21; id. Fin. 3, 9, 31; id. N. D. 3, 13, 33; Sen. Ep. 5, 4; Plin. 7, 8, 6, § 45:

    contra leges or legem est,

    Cic. Pis. 13, 30; id. Mur. 32, 67:

    contra officium est,

    id. Off. 3, 10, 43; 1, 10, 32; 1, 6, 19; cf. id. Lael. 11, 39; id. Off. 3, 15, 63; Liv. 6, 40, 5; Sen. Q. N. 2, 37, 2; Gai Inst. 3, 157; Dig. 30, 1, 112, § 3; 16, 3, 1, § 7.—With ellipsis of object (naturam), Cic. Fin. 5, 29, 89; cf.:

    adeo res ista non habet ullam moram quae contra causas ignium sit,

    unfavorable to the formation of fire, Sen. Q. N. 2, 26, 7.—
    (β).
    With verbal predicate, referring to an indef. pron. or adj., with esse understood:

    scis hunc... nihil umquam contra rem tuam cogitasse ( = nihil quod contra rem tuam esset),

    Cic. Rosc. Am. 50, 147; id. Mil. 5, 13:

    aliquid contra animum audiendi,

    something against our liking, Sen. Const. 19, 2.—So mostly with facere:

    si quid Socrates aut Aristippus contra morem consuetudinemque fecerint,

    Cic. Off. 1, 41, 148; id. Att. 3, 23, 2; 2, 22, 2; id. Off. 3, 15, 63; Sall. C. 15, 1; Dig. 8, 2, 11; 8, 2, 17; 35, 1, 79, § 2. —
    (γ).
    Contra officium, substantively, = id quod contra officium est:

    Sic inter recte factum atque peccatum, officium et contra officium, media locabat quaedam,

    Cic. Ac. 1, 10, 37.—
    3.
    Adverbially with the predicate.
    (α).
    In order to oppose, in opposition to, with hostile intent (cf. B. 3.):

    eidem illam proscriptionem capitis mei contra salutem rei publicae rogatam esse dicebant,

    that the proposal of the law was an attack on the republic, Cic. Prov. Cons. 19, 45; id. Rab. Perd. 12, 35; id. Phil. 10, 10, 22:

    imperator contra postulata Bocchi nuntios mittit,

    to reply to the demands, Sall. J. 83, 3; 25, 6; so,

    advocare contra,

    Sen. Cons. Polyb. 12, 4; id. Ep. 15, 2, 52:

    si contra mortem te praeparaveris,

    to meet death, id. ib. 11, 3, 8.—
    (β).
    With the force of a clause of manner, injuriously to, etc.:

    quibus contra valetudinis commodum laborandum est,

    Cic. Mur. 23, 47; Suet. Aug. 78:

    contra hominis salutem,

    with danger to a man's life, Cod. Just. 7, 62, 29.—
    (γ).
    In gen., of conflict with some rule or principle, contrary to, in violation of, without regard to ( = ita ut contra sit; cf. 2. supra; very freq. from the class. period;

    syn. adversus): ceperitne pecunias contra leges P. Decius,

    Cic. de Or. 2, 31, 136; id. Verr. 2, 1, 4, § 10; id. Fl. 34, 86:

    pecuniam contra leges auferre,

    id. Verr. 1, 18, 56; 2, 1, 10, § 27; 2, 5, 18, § 46; id. Har. Resp. 26, 56:

    contra legem,

    id. Rab. Perd. 3, 8; id. Dom. 16, 41:

    contra jus fasque,

    id. Har. Resp. 16, 34; id. Quint. 6, 28:

    contra jus,

    Liv. 5, 4, 14; id. Dom. 13, 55; id. Verr. 2, 5, 13, § 34:

    contra jus gentium,

    Liv. 4, 32, 5; 9, 10, 10; 21, 25, 7; 5, 36, 6;

    6, 1, 6: contra juris rigorem,

    Dig. 40, 5, 24, § 10 et saep.:

    contra testimonium aliquid judicare,

    without regard to, Cic. Brut. 31, 117:

    aliquid contra verecundiam disputare,

    contrary to the rules of decency, id. Off. 1, 35, 128:

    aliquid contra fidem constituere,

    Quint. 5, 13, 34:

    quae majores nostri contra lubidinem animi sui recte atque ordine fecere,

    contrary to the dictates of passion, Sall. C. 51, 4; id. J. 33, 1; cf. of logical opposition, II. E. 2. infra.—
    4.
    Dependent on substt.
    a.
    Of physical strife:

    scit ille imparem sibi luctatum contra nexus (draconis),

    Plin. 8, 12, 12, § 33. —
    b.
    Of warfare:

    imperatorum copia contra tuum furorem,

    Cic. Mur. 39, 83:

    Parthorum gloria contra nomen Romanum,

    Liv. 9, 18, 6: in castris perditorum contra patriam, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 23, 6.—
    c.
    Of legal contention:

    causa contra scriptum,

    Cic. Inv. 2, 46, 135.—
    d.
    Of political speaking:

    divina M. Tullii eloquentia contra leges agrarias,

    Quint. 2, 16, 7; 9, 3, 50; Gell. 18, 7, 7.—
    e.
    Of literary opposition:

    Caesaris vituperatio contra laudationem meam,

    Cic. Att. 12, 40, 1.—
    f.
    Of hostility, etc.:

    cujus factum, inceptum, conatumve contra patriam,

    Cic. Cat. 2, 12, 27:

    ullum factum dictumve nostrum contra utilitatem vestram,

    Liv. 6, 40, 5.—
    g.
    Of injury:

    vitae cupiditas contra rem publicam,

    Cic. Planc. 37, 90: contra serpentes venenum, fatal to serpents, or as a defence against serpents, Plin. 7, 2, 2, § 15.—
    h.
    Of violation, disregard, etc. (cf. 3. g):

    iter contra senatus auctoritatem,

    Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 48:

    contra consuetudinem somnium,

    Plin. 10, 77, 98, § 211:

    bonorum possessio contra tabulas,

    Dig. 37, 4, 3, § 13; Gai Inst. 3, 41.—
    5.
    Dependent on adjectives (very rare; cf.

    II. D. 2. c. infra): contraque patris impii regnum impotens, avum resolvam,

    Sen. Herc. Fur. 966.
    D.
    Of defence, protection, and resistance (syn.: adversus, ab).
    1.
    Against persons.
    a.
    Dependent on verbs:

    cum populus Romanus suam auctoritatem vel contra omnes qui dissentiunt possit defendere,

    Cic. Imp. Pomp. 22, 63: si ego consul rem publicam [p. 457] contra te et gregales tuos defendissem, id. Sest. 52, 111; 22, 49; 8, 20; id. Fam. 11, 27, 7; id. Phil. 2, 18, 45:

    contra quem multum omnes boni providerunt,

    provided a great defence, id. Mur. 38, 81: formula qua utitur patronus contra libertum qui eum in jus vocat, as a defence against, Gai Inst. 4, 46. —And of protection of plants against injurious animals:

    contra haec animalia proderit, si, etc.,

    Pall. 10, 3, 2.—
    b.
    Dependent on adjectives, mostly participial:

    paratus contra,

    Cic. Mil. 21, 56:

    nihil satis firmum contra Metellum,

    Sall. J. 80, 1:

    contra potentes nemo est munitus satis,

    Phaedr. 2, 6, 1.—
    2.
    Against inanimate and abstract things.
    a.
    Dependent on verbs:

    contra avium morsus munitur vallo aristarum,

    Cic. Sen. 15, 51:

    propugnaculum, quo contra omnes meos impetus usurum se putat,

    id. Verr. 2, 3, 16, § 40; 2, 5, 39, § 102:

    publicam causam contra vim armatam suscipere,

    id. Dom. 34, 91; id. Quint. 30, 94; id. Leg. 3, 3, 9:

    contra tantas difficultates providere,

    Sall. J. 90, 1; 76, 4; so,

    contra ea,

    id. ib. 57, 5:

    patricii vi contra vim resistunt,

    Liv. 3, 13, 4; Plin. 14, 2, 4, § 28; Tac. Agr. 45; Sen. Prov. 4, 12; id. Const. 5, 4.—
    b.
    Dependent on substt.:

    suffragia contra oppugnationem vestrae majestatis,

    Cic. Rab. Perd. 12, 35:

    defensio contra vim,

    id. Mil. 5, 14:

    patronus justitiae fuit contra orationem Phili,

    id. Lael. 7, 25; Plin. 29, 2, 9, § 30; 14, 3, 4, § 40:

    contra labores patientia,

    id. 23, 1, 22, § 37.—
    c.
    Dependent on adjectives (in Cic. freq. with P. a. predicatively used; otherwise very rare;

    in later prose freq.): nec est quidquam Cilicia contra Syriam munitius,

    against an attack from the side of Syria, Cic. Fam. 14, 4, 4:

    ut nullius res tuta, nullius domus clausa, nullius vita saepta, nullius pudicitia munita contra tuam cupiditatem posset esse,

    id. Verr. 2, 5, 15, § 39; id. Fin. 1, 16, 51; id. Mil. 25, 67; id. Tusc. 5, 8, 19; 5, 27, 76:

    vir contra audaciam firmissimus,

    id. Rosc. Am. 30, 85; Sall. J. 33, 2; 28, 5:

    fortis contra dolorem,

    Sen. Ep. 98, 18; Quint. 12, 1, 10:

    callosus,

    Plin. 11, 37, 54, § 147; 14, 2, 4, § 23:

    far contra hiemes firmissimum,

    id. 18, 8, 19, § 83:

    equus tenax contra vincula,

    Ov. Am. 3, 4, 13:

    contraque minantia fata pervigil,

    Claud. I. Cons. Stil. 1, 284.—
    3.
    Of remedies against sickness and its causes, poison, etc.; so only in Plin.; in Pall. only of preventives and of protection against hurtful animals, and against mental perturbations in gen.; cf. infra (syn. ad in Cat., Cic., Cels., Col.; adversus only in Celsus, who also has in with abl.).
    (α).
    Dependent on verbs:

    cujus et vinum et uva contra serpentium ictus medetur,

    Plin. 14, 18, 22, § 117; 7, 2, 2, § 13:

    prodest et contra suspiria et tussim,

    id. 20, 13, 50, § 128:

    valet potum contra venena,

    id. 28, 7, 21, § 74; 29, 4, 22, § 71; 29, 4, 26, § 81; 28, 8, 27, § 98; 16, 37, 71, § 180; 35, 6, 14, § 34; 28, 6, 18, §§ 65-67.—
    (β).
    Dependent on substt.:

    remedium contra morsus,

    Plin. 8, 32, 50, § 118; 10, 59, 79, § 163:

    contra venena esse omnia remedio,

    id. 16, 44, 95, § 251; 17, 24, 37, § 240; 7, 1, 1, § 4.—
    (γ).
    Dependent on adjectives:

    vinum quod salutare contra pestilentiam sit,

    Pall. 11, 14, 17.—
    (δ).
    Appositively, as a remedy:

    cujus lacteum succum miris laudibus celebrat... contra serpentes et venena,

    Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 16; 29, 4, 26, § 83. —So of remedies against affections:

    Tiberium tonante caelo coronari ea (lauro) solitum ferunt contra fulminum metus,

    Plin. 15, 30, 40, § 135; cf. Sen. Ira, 2, 21, 1; id. Tranq. 5. 1.
    E.
    Of logical opposition.
    1.
    With a neuter demonstrative (contra ea, contra haec, contra quae, quod contra = contra, adv.).
    a.
    The contrary, the reverse (very rare; cf.

    I. D. 1.): sed mihi contra ea videtur,

    but to me the contrary seems true, Sall. J. 85, 1:

    omnia quae contra haec sunt, omnia quae contra sunt,

    and vice versa, Quint. 5, 10, 90. —
    b.
    Contra ea, on the contrary, in logical antithesis (not in Cic. and Sall.; once in Caes. and Quint.; several times in Liv. and Nep.; cf.: contra ea, in other uses, II. A. 2. e. a, II. D. 2. a., II. A. 3. d., II. C. 1. f.):

    omnes arderent cupiditate pugnandi... contra ea Caesar... spatiumque interponendum... putabat ( = at contra),

    but Caesar on the contrary, Caes. B. C. 3, 74: superbe ab Samnitibus... legati prohibiti commercio sunt;

    contra ea benigne ab Siculorum tyrannis adjuti,

    Liv. 4, 52, 6; 2, 60, 1; 21, 20, 6;

    44, 43, 5: pater... Thracem me genuit, contra ea mater Atheniensem,

    Nep. Iphicr. 3, 4; id. praef. 6; id. Alcib. 8, 1.—And after a question, with immo (cf. I. E. 5. b.):

    an infirmissimi omnium... (sumus)? Immo contra ea vel viribus nostris, vel, etc., tuti (sumus),

    Liv. 41, 24, 8.—
    c.
    Quod contra, by anastrophe (v. F. 1.), contrary to which, whereas, while on the contrary (only once in Lucr. and three times in Cic.):

    illud in his rebus vereor ne forte rearis, Inpia te rationis inire elementa viamque indugredi sceleris: quod contra saepius illa Religio peperit scelerosa atque impia facta,

    whereas on the contrary, Lucr. 1, 81:

    cujus a me corpus crematum est, quod contra decuit ab illo meum (sc. cremari),

    Cic. Sen. 23, 84:

    quod contra oportebat delicto dolere, correctione gaudere,

    id. Lael. 24, 90 (B. and K. place a comma after oportebat; cf.

    Nauck ad loc.): reliquum est ut eum nemo judicio defenderit: quod contra copiosissime defensum esse contendi,

    id. Quint. 28, 87 (many consider contra in all these passages as an adverb; cf. Hand, Turs. II. p. 121 sq.; some explain quod as an ancient ablative, = qua re;

    v. Ritschl,

    Plaut. Exc. p. 57, Munro ad Lucr. 1, 82).—
    2.
    With an abstract noun, with the force of the adverb contra with ac or atque (I. F. 1.), contrary to, contrary to what, etc. (esp. in Sall., not in Cic.; cf. praeter): celeriter contraque omnium opinionem confecto itinere, contrary to the opinion ( = contra ac rati erant), Caes. B. G. 6, 30:

    contra opinionem Jugurthae ad Thalam perveniunt,

    Sall. J. 75, 9; Hirt. B. G. 8, 40.—Contra spem either contrary to the opinion, or against the hope:

    Metellus contra spem suam laetissume excipitur ( = contra ac ratus, veritus est),

    Sall. J. 88, 1; so,

    cetera contra spem salva invenit,

    Liv. 9, 23, 17:

    contra spem omnium L. Furium optavit,

    id. 6, 25, 5; Curt. 8, 4, 45;

    but: at Jugurtha contra spem nuntio accepto ( = contra ac speraverat),

    Sall. J. 28, 1; Liv. 24, 45, 3:

    postquam... Jugurtha contra timorem animi praemia sceleris adeptum sese videt,

    Sall. J. 20, 1:

    ipse in Numidiam procedit, ubi contra belli faciem tuguria plena hominumque... erant ( = contra ac in bello evenire solet),

    id. ib. 46, 5:

    contra famam,

    Plin. 13, 22, 43, § 126; 7, 53, 54, § 180:

    segniterque et contra industriam absconditae formicae,

    slowly, and in a manner different from their usual activity, id. 18, 35, 88, § 364.—Of persons:

    frigidam potionem esse debere, contra priores auctores, Asclepiades confirmavit,

    contrary to the opinion of the former physicians, Cels. 4, 26 (19).
    F.
    Sometimes by anastrophe after its noun.
    1.
    In prose, after relatives, esp. in Cic.:

    quos contra disputant,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 15, 47:

    quem contra dicit,

    id. Phil. 2, 8, 18 (v. II. B. 1. f.):

    quem contra veneris,

    id. Mur. 4, 9:

    quas contra, praeter te, etc.,

    id. Vatin. 7, 18:

    eos ipsos quos contra statuas,

    id. Or. 10, 34:

    quos contra me senatus armavit,

    id. Att. 10, 8, 8:

    quam contra multa locutus est,

    Sen. Ep. 82, 7, Plin. Ep. 1, 23, 3; Claud. in Rufin. 1, 332; v. also E. 1. c. supra.—
    2.
    After other words ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

    hunc igitur contra mittam contendere causam,

    Lucr. 4, 471:

    dicere eos contra,

    id. 4, 484:

    donique eum contra,

    id. 5, 708:

    agmina contra,

    Verg. A. 12, 279:

    magnum Alciden contra,

    id. ib. 5, 414:

    Paridem contra,

    id. ib. 5, 370:

    Italiam contra,

    id. ib. 1, 13:

    deos contra,

    Ov. P. 1, 1, 26:

    Messania moenia contra,

    id. M. 14, 17:

    litora Calabriae contra,

    Tac. A. 3, 1.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > contra dicta

  • 4 kind

    I noun
    1) (class, sort) Art, die

    all kinds of things/excuses — alles mögliche/alle möglichen Ausreden

    no... of any kind — keinerlei...

    be [of] the same kind — von derselben Sorte od. Art sein

    something/nothing of the kind — so etwas Ähnliches/nichts dergleichen

    what kind is it? — was für einer/eine/eins ist es?

    what kind of [a] tree is this? — was für ein Baum ist das?

    what kind of [a] fool do you take me for? — für wie dumm hältst du mich?

    what kind of [a] person do you think I am? — für wen hältst du mich?

    the kind of person we need — der Typ, den wir brauchen

    they are the kind of people who... — sie gehören zu der Sorte von Leuten, die...; das sind solche Leute, die...

    this kind of food/atmosphere — diese Art od. solches Essen/solch od. so eine Stimmung

    these kind of people/things — (coll.) solche Leute/Sachen

    a kind of... — [so] eine Art...

    kind of interesting/cute — etc. (coll.) irgendwie interessant/niedlich usw. (ugs.)

    3)

    in kind — (not in money) in Sachwerten

    pay in kind — in Naturalien zahlen/bezahlen

    pay back or repay something in kind — (fig.) etwas mit od. in gleicher Münze zurückzahlen

    II adjective
    (of gentle nature) liebenswürdig; (showing friendliness) freundlich; (affectionate) lieb

    would you be so kind as to do that? — wären Sie so freundlich, das zu tun?

    be kind to animals/children — gut zu Tieren/Kindern sein

    oh, you are kind! — sehr nett od. liebenswürdig von Ihnen

    how kind! — wie nett [von ihm/ihr/Ihnen usw.]!

    * * *
    I noun
    (a sort or type: What kind of car is it?; He is not the kind of man who would be cruel to children.) die Art
    II 1. adjective
    (ready or anxious to do good to others; friendly: He's such a kind man; It was very kind of you to look after the children yesterday.) freundlich
    - academic.ru/40821/kindly">kindly
    2. adjective
    (having or showing a gentle and friendly nature: a kindly smile; a kindly old lady.) gütig
    - kindliness
    - kindness
    - kind-hearted
    * * *
    kind1
    [kaɪnd]
    1. (generous, helpful) nett, freundlich, liebenswürdig
    thank you for giving me your seat, that was very \kind of you vielen Dank, dass Sie mir Ihren Platz überlassen haben, das war sehr nett von Ihnen; (in a letter)
    with \kind regards mit freundlichen Grüßen
    ▪ to be \kind to sb nett [o freundlich] zu jdm sein
    he is \kind to animals er ist gut zu Tieren
    ▪ to be \kind to sb/sth jdn/etw schonen
    this shampoo is \kind to your hair dieses Shampoo pflegt dein Haar auf schonende Weise
    the years have been \kind to her die Zeit hat es gut mit ihr gemeint
    soft lighting is \kind to your face gedämpftes Licht ist vorteilhaft für dein Gesicht
    kind2
    [kaɪnd]
    I. n
    1. (group) Art f, Sorte f
    I don't usually like that \kind of film normalerweise mag ich solche Filme nicht
    he's not that \kind of person so einer ist der nicht fam
    this car was the first of its \kind in the world dieses Auto war weltweit das erste seiner Art
    all \kinds of animals/cars/people alle möglichen Tiere/Autos/Menschen
    to claim/hear/say nothing of the \kind nichts dergleichen behaupten/hören/sagen
    to stick with one's \kind unter sich dat bleiben
    to be one of a \kind einzigartig sein
    his/her \kind ( pej) so jemand [wie er/sie] a. pej
    my mom always warned me about that \kind vor so jemandem hat mich meine Mutter immer gewarnt
    don't even talk to their \kind mit solchen Leuten sollst du nicht einmal sprechen
    2. (limited)
    ... of a \kind so etwas wie...
    I guess you could call this success of a \kind man könnte das, glaube ich, als so etwas wie einen Erfolg bezeichnen
    3. no pl (similar way)
    ▪ to do sth in \kind etw mit [o in] gleicher Münze zurückzahlen
    I answered him in \kind ich antwortete ihm im gleichen Ton
    if he cheats me, I shall take my revenge in \kind wenn er mich betrügt, werde ich mich in gleicher Weise an ihm rächen
    contribution in \kind FIN Sacheinlage f
    nothing of the \kind nichts dergleichen
    mom, can I go to the movies tonight? — nothing of the \kind darf ich heute Abend ins Kino, Mami? — kommt nicht infrage
    has your daughter ever stolen before? — no she's done nothing of the \kind hat Ihre Tochter jemals gestohlen? — nein, so etwas hat sie noch nie gemacht
    to pay sb in \kind jdn in Naturalien [o Sachleistungen] bezahlen
    ▪ in \kind im Wesen, vom Typ her
    they were brothers but quite different in \kind sie waren Brüder, aber in ihrem Wesen ganz verschieden
    Betty, Sally and Joan are three of a \kind Betty, Sally und Joan sind alle drei vom gleichen Schlag
    ▪ to be true to \kind in typischer Weise reagieren
    when I told him I passed my class, he was true to \kind asking if the exams had been that easy das war mal wieder typisch er, als ich ihm erzählte, dass ich mein Examen bestanden hätte, fragte er mich, ob die Prüfungen so leicht gewesen seien
    II. adv
    ▪ \kind of irgendwie
    I \kind of hoped you would help me ich hatte irgendwie gehofft, du würdest mir helfen
    are you excited? — yea, \kind of bist du aufgeregt? — ja, irgendwie schon
    * * *
    I [kaɪnd]
    n
    1) (= class, variety, nature) Art f; (of coffee, sugar, paint etc) Sorte f

    all kinds of... — alle möglichen...

    what kind of...? — was für ein(e)...?

    he is not the kind of man to refuse — er ist nicht der Typ, der Nein or nein sagt

    they're two of a kind — die beiden sind vom gleichen Typ or von der gleichen Art; (people) sie sind vom gleichen Schlag

    she's one of a kind —

    you know the kind of thing I mean — Sie wissen, was ich meine

    ... of all kinds — alle möglichen...

    you'll do nothing of the kind —

    2)

    a kind of... — eine Art..., so ein(e)...

    a kind of box —

    I kind of thought that he... (inf) (and he didn't) — ich habe eigentlich gedacht, dass er...; (and he did) ich habe es mir beinahe gedacht, dass er...

    are you nervous? – kind of (inf) — bist du nervös? – ja, schon (inf)

    3) (= goods, as opposed to money) Naturalien pl, Ware f

    payment in kind — Bezahlung f in Naturalien

    the police responded in kind — die Polizei reagierte, indem sie das Gleiche tat

    II
    adj (+er)
    1) (= caring) person liebenswürdig, nett, freundlich (to zu); voice, smile, face freundlich

    the kindest thing to do would be to shoot the wounded animal — das Humanste wäre, das verletzte Tier zu erschießen

    would you be kind enough to open the door — wären Sie (vielleicht) so nett or freundlich or lieb, die Tür zu öffnen

    it was very kind of you to help me — es war wirklich nett or lieb von Ihnen, mir zu helfen

    2) (= charitable) description, words freundlich; (= flattering) description, photograph, lighting schmeichelhaft
    3)

    (= gentle) to be kind to your hands/skin — sanft zu den Händen/zur Haut sein

    the years have been kind to her — die Jahre sind fast spurlos an ihr vorübergegangen

    * * *
    kind1 [kaınd] s
    1. Art f, Sorte f:
    all kinds of alle möglichen, allerlei;
    all kinds of people got in touch with me die verschiedensten Leute setzten sich mit mir in Verbindung;
    all kinds of things alles Mögliche;
    all of a kind (with) von der gleichen Art (wie);
    two of a kind zwei von derselben Sorte oder vom selben Schlag;
    the only one of its kind das einzige seiner Art;
    a) nichts dergleichen,
    b) keineswegs;
    sth of the kind, this kind of thing etwas Derartiges, so etwas;
    that kind of place so ein Ort;
    that kind of question is (umg those kind of questions are) very difficult solche Fragen sind sehr schwierig;
    I haven’t got that kind of money umg so viel Geld hab ich nicht;
    what kind of man is he? was für ein Mann oder Mensch ist er?;
    she is not that kind of girl sie ist nicht so eine;
    he is not the kind of man to do such a thing er ist nicht der Typ, der so etwas tut;
    he felt a kind of compunction er empfand so etwas (Ähnliches) wie Reue;
    I had a kind of a (US a. a kind of) feeling that … ich hatte das dunkle Gefühl, dass …;
    coffee of a kind umg so etwas Ähnliches wie Kaffee, etwas Kaffeeartiges;
    the literary kind die Leute, die sich mit Literatur befassen
    2. Geschlecht n, Klasse f, Art f, Gattung f: → humankind
    3. Art f, Wesen n:
    different in kind der Art oder dem Wesen nach verschieden
    4. kind of umg ein bisschen, irgendwie (oft unübersetzt):
    she kind of boxed his ears sie haute ihm eine runter;
    I kind of expected it ich hatte es irgendwie erwartet;
    he kind of hinted it er machte so eine (vage) Andeutung;
    I’ve kind of promised it ich habe es halb und halb versprochen;
    did they help you? kind of (ja,) schon
    5. Naturalien pl, Waren pl:
    pay in kind in Naturalien zahlen;
    pay sb back in kind fig es jemandem mit gleicher Münze heimzahlen
    kind2 [kaınd] adj (adv → kindly B)
    1. freundlich, liebenswürdig, nett ( alle:
    to sb zu jemandem):
    be kind to animals tierlieb oder gut zu Tieren sein;
    kind to the skin hautfreundlich (Creme etc);
    it was very kind of you to help me es war sehr nett oder lieb (von dir), dass du mir geholfen hast;
    would you be so kind as to do this for me? sei so gut oder freundlich und erledige das für mich, erledige das doch bitte für mich;
    the draw was kind to him das Los meinte es gut mit ihm; → enough C
    2. hilfreich (Tat etc)
    3. herzlich: → regard B 5
    4. freundlich, mild, angenehm (Klima)
    * * *
    I noun
    1) (class, sort) Art, die

    all kinds of things/excuses — alles mögliche/alle möglichen Ausreden

    no... of any kind — keinerlei...

    be [of] the same kind — von derselben Sorte od. Art sein

    something/nothing of the kind — so etwas Ähnliches/nichts dergleichen

    what kind is it? — was für einer/eine/eins ist es?

    what kind of [a] tree is this? — was für ein Baum ist das?

    what kind of [a] fool do you take me for? — für wie dumm hältst du mich?

    what kind of [a] person do you think I am? — für wen hältst du mich?

    the kind of person we need — der Typ, den wir brauchen

    they are the kind of people who... — sie gehören zu der Sorte von Leuten, die...; das sind solche Leute, die...

    this kind of food/atmosphere — diese Art od. solches Essen/solch od. so eine Stimmung

    these kind of people/things — (coll.) solche Leute/Sachen

    a kind of... — [so] eine Art...

    kind of interesting/cute — etc. (coll.) irgendwie interessant/niedlich usw. (ugs.)

    3)

    in kind — (not in money) in Sachwerten

    pay in kind — in Naturalien zahlen/bezahlen

    pay back or repay something in kind — (fig.) etwas mit od. in gleicher Münze zurückzahlen

    II adjective
    (of gentle nature) liebenswürdig; (showing friendliness) freundlich; (affectionate) lieb

    would you be so kind as to do that? — wären Sie so freundlich, das zu tun?

    be kind to animals/children — gut zu Tieren/Kindern sein

    oh, you are kind! — sehr nett od. liebenswürdig von Ihnen

    how kind! — wie nett [von ihm/ihr/Ihnen usw.]!

    * * *
    adj.
    art adj. n.
    Art -en f.
    Gattung -en f.
    Sorte -- f.

    English-german dictionary > kind

  • 5 animal

    1. noun
    1) Tier, das; (quadruped) Vierbeiner, der; (any living being) Lebewesen, das

    domestic animal — Haustier, das

    animal rights — Tierrecht, das

    animal rights activists — aktive Tierschützer; Tierrechtler

    2) (fig. coll.)

    there is no such animal as a ‘typical’ criminal — so etwas wie den "typischen" Verbrecher gibt es gar nicht

    3) (fig.): (animal instinct; brute) Tier, das
    2. adjective

    animal behaviour/breeding — Tierverhalten, das/Tierzucht, die

    2) (from animals) tierisch [Produkt, Klebstoff, Öl]
    3) (carnal, sexual) körperlich [Triebe, Wünsche, Bedürfnisse]; tierisch, animalisch [Veranlagung, Natur]
    * * *
    ['æniməl]
    1) (a living being which can feel things and move freely: man and other animals.) das Lebewesen
    2) (an animal other than man: a book on man's attitude to animals; ( also adjective) animal behaviour.) das Tier; Tier-...
    •
    - academic.ru/115067/animal_eater">animal eater
    * * *
    ani·mal
    [ˈænɪməl]
    I. n
    1. (creature) Tier nt
    farm \animal Nutztier nt
    domestic \animal Haustier nt
    2. ( fig: crude person) Tier nt
    3.
    ▶ to be different \animals zwei Paar Schuhe sein
    ▶ to be a political \animal ein politisch engagierter Mensch sein, ein Zoon politikon nt sein geh
    ▶ to be that rare \animal:... zu der seltenen Spezies... gehören
    she's that rare animal: an enormously successful and yet modest person sie gehört zu der seltenen Spezies von Menschen, die sowohl unglaublich erfolgreich und dennoch bescheiden sind
    ▶ there's [or (sl) there ain't] no such \animal so etwas gibt es nicht, so was gibt's nicht fam
    II. n modifier
    1. doctor Tier-
    \animal droppings Tierkot m geh, [Tier]mist m
    \animal fat tierisches Fett, tierische Fette pl
    \animal instincts animalische Instinkte
    \animal trainer Dompteur, Dompteuse m, f
    \animal welfare ≈ Tierschutz m
    2. (strong)
    \animal attraction [or magnetism] animalische Anziehungskraft
    \animal spirits Lebensgeister pl, Vitalität f
    * * *
    ['nɪməl]
    1. n
    Tier nt; (as opposed to insects etc) Vierbeiner m; (= brutal person) Bestie f, Tier nt

    a political animal — ein politisches Wesen, ein Zoon politikon nt (geh)

    the animal in him —

    he's little better than an animal — er ist kaum besser als ein Tier

    2. adj attr
    Tier-; fat, products, cruelty, lust tierisch

    or behavior (US) (lit) — das Verhalten der Tiere, tierhaftes Verhalten; ( fig

    animal experiments/testing — Tierversuche pl

    animal magnetism — rein körperliche Anziehungskraft

    * * *
    animal [ˈænıml]
    A s
    1. Tier n:
    the animal within us fig das Tier in uns;
    there’s no such animal umg hum so was gibt es (doch) gar nicht;
    is there any such animal? umg hum gibt es so was überhaupt?
    2. a) tierisches Lebewesen (Ggs Pflanze)
    b) Säugetier n
    3. fig Tier n, Bestie f
    B adj (adv animally) animalisch, tierisch (beide auch fig):
    animal fat (glue, instincts, oil, etc)
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) Tier, das; (quadruped) Vierbeiner, der; (any living being) Lebewesen, das

    domestic animal — Haustier, das

    animal rights — Tierrecht, das

    animal rights activists — aktive Tierschützer; Tierrechtler

    2) (fig. coll.)

    there is no such animal as a ‘typical’ criminal — so etwas wie den "typischen" Verbrecher gibt es gar nicht

    3) (fig.): (animal instinct; brute) Tier, das
    2. adjective

    animal behaviour/breeding — Tierverhalten, das/Tierzucht, die

    2) (from animals) tierisch [Produkt, Klebstoff, Öl]
    3) (carnal, sexual) körperlich [Triebe, Wünsche, Bedürfnisse]; tierisch, animalisch [Veranlagung, Natur]
    * * *
    n.
    Tier -e n.

    English-german dictionary > animal

  • 6 λόφος

    Grammatical information: m.
    Meaning: `neck of drawing animals and men, crest of a helmet, crest of a hill' (Il.), also `crest or tuft on the head of birds, of feathers or flesh' (Simon., Hdt., Ar., Arist.).
    Compounds: Often as 2. member, e.g. γή-, γεώ-λοφος `earth-hill' (Pl., X.) with illuminating first member (Risch IF 59, 268); rarely as 1. member, e.g. (τὰ) λόφουρα `with crest-like tail', of drawing-animals and animals of burden (horses, asses, τὰ ὑποζύγια) as opposed to ruminants (Arist., Thphr., hell. inscr.). - Side-form λόφη f. `comb' (D.S.; after κόμη?).
    Derivatives: 1. Diminut.: λόφιον `small crest of helmet' (sch.), λοφίδιον `small hill' (Ael.). Other substant.: 2. λοφιά, Ion. - ιή f. `comb for manes, hair-, breast, back-fin etc.' (τ 446, also Hdt., Arist.; cf. Scheller Oxytonierung 72 f.); 3. λοφεῖον `crest-case' (Ar.), also λοφίς περικεφαλαίας θήκη H. 4. λοφίας m. `fish with back-fins', denomination of the φάγρος (Numen. ap. Ath.; like ἀκανθίας a.o., Chantraine Formation 94), also the first dorsal vertebra' (Poll.); in the last meaning also λοφαδίας (Poll.; *λοφάς, - άδιος); λοφιήτης m. `inhabitant of a hill' (AP, of Pan, after πολιήτης). 5. λόφωσις m. `crest ornament' (Ar. Av. 291; cf. ἀέτωσις [s. αἰετός]). - 6. Adjectives: λοφώδης `crest-like, hilly' (Arist.), λοφόεις `crested, hilly' (Tryph., Nonn.). - 7. Verbs: λοφάω `be crested' (Babr., Ar., H.; after κομάω, Leumann Hom. Wörter 307 n. 77); λοφίζω `have the λ. in the hight' (Zonar.); λοφόομαι `rise, form a hill' (Eust.). -- 8. Hypostasis: καταλοφάδεια adv. `hanging down from the neck' (κ 169 with metr. conditioned - εια, cf. κατωμάδιος, κατωμαδόν; Chantraine Form. 39, Gramm. hom. 1, 101 u. 176).
    Origin: XX [etym. unknown]
    Etymology: As both Alc. (Z 65) and Hdt. (1, 171) consider the helmet-crest as a Carian invention, Schulze Q. 257, 4 sees in λόφος as `crest of the helmet' a Carian LW [loanword], which he, certainly wrongly, wants to separate from λόφος `neck'. - An acceptable connection gives Toch. A lap `head' (Schulze Kl. Schr. 252); CSl. ORuss. lъbъ `skull' with OCS lъbьnъ `belonging to the skull' (with Russ. lob `front', Ukr. ɫob `front, head') presents serious difficulties because of the vowel. Uncertain Illyr. PN Otto-(Atto-)lobus (Mayer Glotta 32, 83). - Lit. in Vasmer Wb. s. lob, Sadnik-Aitzetmüller Hwb. zu den aksl. Texten 264 (No. 486), v. Windekens Lex. étym. s. lap. Wrong IE etymologies are rejected by Bq.
    Page in Frisk: 2,139-140

    Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > λόφος

  • 7 life

    [laɪf] 1.
    nome (pl. lives)

    to bring sb. back to life — riportare in vita qcn.; med. rianimare qcn.

    plant, marine life — la vita vegetale, marina

    to mark sb. for life — marcare qcn. a vita

    3) (biography) vita f.
    4) (animation) vita f., vitalità f.

    to come to life — [ person] rinvenire, riprendere conoscenza; [ fictional character] prendere vita; [ party] animarsi

    put a bit of life into it — colloq. mettici un po' di animo

    5) (social activity, lifestyle) vita f.
    8) dir.

    to serve o do colloq. life scontare un ergastolo; to sentence sb. to life condannare qcn. all'ergastolo; to get life — colloq. farsi dare l'ergastolo

    9) art.

    from life — [draw, paint] dal vero

    2.
    modificatore [president, membership, ban] a vita
    ••

    for dear life — più che si può, con tutte le forze

    get a life! — colloq. lasciami vivere!

    to frighten the life out of sb. — spaventare a morte qcn.

    * * *
    plural - lives; noun
    1) (the quality belonging to plants and animals which distinguishes them from rocks, minerals etc and things which are dead: Doctors are fighting to save the child's life.) vita
    2) (the period between birth and death: He had a long and happy life.) vita
    3) (liveliness: She was full of life and energy.) vita
    4) (a manner of living: She lived a life of ease and idleness.) vita
    5) (the period during which any particular state exists: He had many different jobs during his working life.) vita
    6) (living things: It is now believed that there may be life on Mars; animal life.) vita
    7) (the story of a life: He has written a life of Churchill.) biografia
    8) (life imprisonment: He was given life for murder.) ergastolo
    •
    - lifelike
    - life-and-death
    - lifebelt
    - lifeboat
    - lifebuoy
    - life-cycle
    - life expectancy
    - lifeguard
    - life-jacket
    - lifeline
    - lifelong
    - life-saving
    - life-sized
    - life-size
    - lifetime
    - as large as life
    - bring to life
    - come to life
    - for life
    - the life and soul of the party
    - not for the life of me
    - not on your life!
    - take life
    - take one's life
    - take one's life in one's hands
    - to the life
    * * *
    [laɪf] 1.
    nome (pl. lives)

    to bring sb. back to life — riportare in vita qcn.; med. rianimare qcn.

    plant, marine life — la vita vegetale, marina

    to mark sb. for life — marcare qcn. a vita

    3) (biography) vita f.
    4) (animation) vita f., vitalità f.

    to come to life — [ person] rinvenire, riprendere conoscenza; [ fictional character] prendere vita; [ party] animarsi

    put a bit of life into it — colloq. mettici un po' di animo

    5) (social activity, lifestyle) vita f.
    8) dir.

    to serve o do colloq. life scontare un ergastolo; to sentence sb. to life condannare qcn. all'ergastolo; to get life — colloq. farsi dare l'ergastolo

    9) art.

    from life — [draw, paint] dal vero

    2.
    modificatore [president, membership, ban] a vita
    ••

    for dear life — più che si può, con tutte le forze

    get a life! — colloq. lasciami vivere!

    to frighten the life out of sb. — spaventare a morte qcn.

    English-Italian dictionary > life

  • 8 matter

    1. noun
    1) (affair) Angelegenheit, die

    matters — die Dinge

    that's another or a different matter altogether or quite another matter — das ist etwas ganz anderes

    and to make matters worse... — und was die Sache noch schlimmer macht/machte,...

    a/no matter for or of... — ein/kein Grund od. Anlass zu...

    it's a matter of complete indifference to me — es ist mir völlig gleichgültig

    3) (topic) Thema, das; Gegenstand, der
    4)

    a matter of... — (something that amounts to) eine Frage (+ Gen.)...; eine Sache von...

    it's a matter of taste/habit — das ist Geschmack- / Gewohnheitssache

    [only] a matter of time — [nur noch] eine Frage der Zeit

    it's just a matter of working harder — man muss sich ganz einfach [bei der Arbeit] mehr anstrengen

    in a matter of minutes — in wenigen Minuten

    Do you know him? - Yes, as a matter of fact, I do — Kennst du ihn? - Ja, ich kenne ihn tatsächlich

    5)

    what's the matter? — was ist [los]?

    is something the matter? — stimmt irgendetwas nicht?; ist [irgend]was (ugs.) ?

    6)
    7)

    no matter! — [das] macht nichts!

    no matter how/who/what/why — etc. ganz gleich od. egal (ugs.), wie/wer/was/warum usw.

    8) (material, as opposed to mind, spirit, etc.) Materie, die

    [in]organic/solid/vegetable matter — [an]organische/feste/pflanzliche Stoffe

    2. intransitive verb

    what does it matter? — was macht das schon?; was macht's? (ugs.)

    what matters is that... — worum es geht, ist...

    doesn't matter — [das] macht nichts (ugs.)

    it doesn't matter how/when — etc. es ist einerlei, wie/wann usw.

    does it matter to you if...? — macht es dir etwas aus, wenn...?

    the things which matter in life — [das,] worauf es im Leben ankommt

    * * *
    ['mætə] 1. noun
    1) (solids, liquids and/or gases in any form, from which everything physical is made: The entire universe is made up of different kinds of matter.) die Materie
    2) (a subject or topic (of discussion etc): a private matter; money matters.) die Angelegenheit
    3) (pus: The wound was infected and full of matter.) der Eiter
    2. verb
    (to be important: That car matters a great deal to him; It doesn't matter.) bedeuten
    - academic.ru/45646/matter-of-fact">matter-of-fact
    - be the matter
    - a matter of course
    - a matter of opinion
    - no matter
    - no matter who
    - what
    - where
    * * *
    mat·ter
    [ˈmætəʳ, AM -t̬ɚ]
    I. n
    1. no pl (material) Materie f; SCI [Grund-]Stoff m, Substanz f
    organic \matter organische Stoffe pl
    printed \matter Gedrucktes nt, Drucksache[n] f[pl]
    reading \matter Lesestoff m
    vegetable \matter pflanzliche Stoffe pl
    waste \matter MED Schlacken pl
    \matter in suspension Schwebstoffe pl
    \matter constant TECH Materialkonstante f
    2. (affair) Angelegenheit f, Sache f
    that's a different \matter das ist eine andere Sache
    it's a \matter of complete indifference to me das ist mir völlig egal
    this is a \matter for the police das sollte man der Polizei übergeben
    the \matter in [or AM at] hand die Angelegenheit [o Sache], um die es geht
    to get to the heart of the \matter zum Kern der Sache vordringen
    the truth [or fact] of the \matter is... in Wirklichkeit...
    a \matter of urgency etwas Dringendes
    to be no easy \matter doing sth nicht einfach sein, etw zu tun
    family \matters Familienangelegenheiten pl
    financial \matters pl Geldangelegenheiten pl, Geldsachen pl
    money \matters pl Geldangelegenheiten pl
    a personal \matter eine persönliche Angelegenheit [o Sache]
    in the \matter of... was... angeht
    the British are given pre-eminence in the \matter of tea was Tee angeht, da haben die Briten die Nase vorn
    3. no pl (question) Frage f
    it's simply a \matter of following the recipe/learning the rules man muss einfach nur das Rezept befolgen/die Regeln erlernen
    as a \matter of course selbstverständlich
    a \matter of fact eine Tatsache
    as a \matter of fact (by the way) übrigens, im Übrigen; (expressing agreement or disagreement) in der Tat
    have you got his address? — as a \matter of fact, I have hast du seine Adresse? — ja, die hab ich tatsächlich
    I suppose you're leaving soon? — no, as a \matter of fact, I'll be staying for another two weeks ich nehme an, Sie reisen bald ab? — keineswegs, in der Tat habe ich vor, noch zwei Wochen zu bleiben
    a \matter of form eine Formsache
    as a \matter of interest aus Interesse, interessehalber
    just as a \matter of interest, how much did you pay for it? ich frage nur aus Interesse, aber wie viel hast du dafür bezahlt?
    it's a \matter of life and [or or] death es geht um Leben und Tod
    that's a \matter of opinion das ist Ansichtssache
    a \matter of principle eine Frage des Prinzips
    a \matter of record eine Tatsache
    it's a \matter of record that... es ist allgemein bekannt, dass...
    a \matter of taste eine Geschmacksfrage
    a \matter of time eine Frage der Zeit
    4. no pl (topic) Thema nt
    the subject \matter of the book das Thema des Buches
    it's no laughing \matter das ist nicht zum Lachen
    that's another \matter das ist etwas anderes
    that's another \matter altogether [or quite another \matter] das ist [wieder] etwas völlig [o ganz] anderes
    to let the \matter drop etwas auf sich beruhen lassen; (in a conversation) das Thema fallenlassen
    5. (problem)
    is anything the \matter? stimmt etwas nicht?
    there's nothing the \matter es ist alles in Ordnung
    what's the \matter with you? was ist los mit dir?
    what's the \matter with asking for a pay rise? was ist so schlimm daran, um eine Gehaltserhöhung zu bitten?
    no \matter das macht nichts, [das ist] kein Problem
    no \matter, I'll go myself kein Problem, ich gehe selbst
    no \matter what was auch [immer] passiert
    we've got to get to the airport on time, no \matter what wir müssen pünktlich zum Flughafen kommen, egal wie
    no \matter what/when/who... ganz gleich [o egal], was/wann/wer...
    no \matter what you say, I won't leave him was du auch sagst, ich werde ihn nicht verlassen
    to pretend that nothing is the \matter so tun, als ob nichts wäre
    6.
    ▪ \matters pl (state of affairs) die Situation [o Lage]
    that's how \matters stand at the moment so sieht es im Moment aus
    \matters came to a head with her resignation mit ihrem Rücktritt spitzte sich die Lage dann noch zu
    to help \matters/make \matters worse die Lage verbessern/verschlimmern
    to make \matters worse, it then started to rain heavily zu allem Überfluss fing es auch noch an, in Strömen zu regnen
    to take \matters into one's own hands die Dinge selbst in die Hand nehmen
    7. no pl (amount)
    in a \matter of seconds he was by her side es dauerte nur Sekunden bis er bei ihr war
    it was all over in a \matter of minutes nach wenigen Minuten war alles vorbei
    it's only a \matter of a few dollars es geht nur um ein paar Dollars
    and then there's the little \matter of the 80 euros you owe me und dann ist da noch die Kleinigkeit von 80 Euro, die du mir schuldest
    8. LAW
    \matter of fact Tatfrage f
    \matter of law Rechtsfrage f
    9. TYPO Satzspiegel m fachspr
    10.
    ▶ not to mince \matter kein Blatt vor den Mund nehmen
    ▶ for that \matter eigentlich
    I don't like him, nor does Ann, for that \matter ich mag ihn nicht, und Ann mag ihn im Grunde auch nicht
    ▶ what \matter? ( dated) was macht das schon?
    II. vi
    1. (be of importance) von Bedeutung sein
    to him, animals \matter more than human beings ihm sind Tiere wichtiger als Menschen
    what \matters now is that... worauf es jetzt ankommt, ist, dass...
    that's the only thing that \matters das ist das Einzige, was zählt
    it really \matters to me das bedeutet mir wirklich etwas, das ist wirklich wichtig für mich
    ▪ it \matters that... es macht etwas aus, dass...
    ▪ it doesn't \matter das ist nicht wichtig
    I've spilt something on the carpet — it doesn't \matter ich habe etwas auf dem Teppich verschüttet — das macht nichts
    would you rather go on Wednesday or Thursday — it doesn't \matter möchten Sie lieber am Mittwoch oder am Donnerstag fahren — das ist mir egal
    it doesn't \matter what the guests wear es spielt keine Rolle, wie die Gäste angezogen sind
    it didn't \matter anything to them es war ihnen völlig egal
    ▪ it doesn't \matter if/that... es macht nichts [o fam ist egal], wenn/dass...
    it doesn't \matter how long your hair is as long as it's tidy es spielt keine Rolle, wie lang deine Haare sind, solange sie gepflegt sind
    people who \matter Leute von Einfluss
    2. ( rare) wound eitern
    * * *
    ['mtə(r)]
    1. n
    1) (= substance, not mind) die Materie

    organic/inorganic matter — organische/anorganische Stoffe pl

    2) (particular kind) Stoff m

    advertising matter — Reklame f, Werbung f

    3) (MED: pus) Eiter m
    4) (TYP) (= copy) Manuskript nt; (= type set up) Satz m
    5) (= content) Inhalt m

    the main matter of his speech was... — (der) Hauptgegenstand seiner Rede war...

    6) (= question, affair) Sache f, Angelegenheit f; (= topic) Thema nt, Stoff m

    in the matter of... — was... (+acc) anbelangt, hinsichtlich... (+gen)

    there's the matter of my expenses —

    it's no great matter — das macht nichts, das ist nicht so wichtig

    that's another matter altogether, that's a very different matter — das ist etwas völlig anderes

    it will be no easy matter (to)... — es wird nicht einfach sein, zu...

    it's a serious matter — das ist eine ernste Angelegenheit, die Sache ist ernst

    8)

    I haven't seen him for weeks, nor for that matter has anybody else —

    he wants to complain about it and for that matter, so do I — er will sich darüber beschweren und ich eigentlich auch

    9)

    a matter of — eine Frage (+gen), eine Sache von

    it's a matter of form/time — das ist eine Formsache/Zeitfrage or Frage der Zeit

    it's a matter of taste/opinion — das ist Geschmacks-/Ansichtssache

    it's a matter of adjusting this part exactly — es geht darum, dieses Teil genau einzustellen

    it's a matter of 10 miles from... —

    if it's just a matter of another 10 minutes, then I'll wait — wenn es sich nur noch um 10 Minuten handelt, dann warte ich solange

    it's not just a matter of increasing the money supply — es ist nicht damit getan, die Geldzufuhr zu erhöhen

    it's just a matter of trying harder — man muss sich ganz einfach etwas mehr anstrengen

    you should always take your passport with you as a matter of course — es sollte für Sie eine Selbstverständlichkeit sein, stets Ihren Pass bei sich zu haben

    10)

    I've decided to leave tomorrow, no matter what — ich gehe morgen, egal was passiert

    no matter how/what/when/where etc... — egal, wie/was/wann/wo etc...

    no matter how you do it — wie du es auch machst, egal, wie du es machst

    11)

    sth is the matter with sb/sth — etw ist mit jdm/etw los; (ill) etw fehlt jdm

    what's the matter? — was ist (denn) los?, was ist (denn)?

    what's the matter with you this morning? – nothing's the matter — was hast du denn heute Morgen? – gar nichts

    what's the matter with having a little fun? — was ist denn schon dabei, wenn man ein bisschen Spaß hat?

    something's the matter with the lights — mit dem Licht ist irgendetwas nicht in Ordnung

    as if nothing was the matter — als ob nichts (los) wäre

    2. vi

    it doesn't matter — (es or das) macht nichts, ist schon gut

    I forgot it, does it matter? – yes, it does matter —

    does it matter to you if I go? — macht es dir etwas aus, wenn ich gehe?

    doesn't it matter to you at all if I leave you? — macht es dir denn gar nichts aus, wenn ich dich verlasse?

    it doesn't matter to me what you do — es ist mir (ganz) egal, was du machst

    * * *
    matter [ˈmætə(r)]
    A s
    1. Materie f ( auch PHIL, PHYS), Material n, Substanz f, Stoff m:
    organic matter organische Substanz;
    gaseous matter gasförmiger Körper; → foreign 3
    2. a) PHYSIOL Substanz f: → gray matter
    b) MED Eiter m
    3. Sache f ( auch JUR), Angelegenheit f:
    this is an entirely different matter das ist etwas ganz anderes;
    the matter in ( oder at) hand die vorliegende Angelegenheit;
    a matter of convention eine Frage des Anstandes;
    a matter of course eine Selbstverständlichkeit;
    as a matter of course selbstverständlich, natürlich;
    a matter of discretion eine Ermessensfrage;
    a) eine Tatsache,
    b) JUR bes US eine (strittige) Tatfrage;
    as a matter of fact tatsächlich, eigentlich, ehrlich gesagt;
    a matter of form eine Formsache;
    as a matter of form der Form halber;
    matter in issue JUR Streitgegenstand m, Streitsache f;
    it is a matter of life and death es geht um Leben und Tod;
    as a matter of principle grundsätzlich, prinzipiell;
    it is a matter of finishing in time es geht darum, rechtzeitig fertig zu werden;
    a matter of taste (eine) Geschmackssache;
    a matter of time eine Frage der Zeit, eine Zeitfrage;
    for that matter eigentlich;
    a) hinsichtlich (gen),
    b) JUR in Sachen (A. gegen B.); → conscience Bes Redew, fact 1, laughing B 2, opinion 1
    4. pl (ohne Artikel) die Sache, die Dinge pl:
    a) die Sache schlimmer machen,
    b) (Redew) was die Sache noch schlimmer macht;
    carry matters too far es zu weit treiben;
    as matters stand wie die Dinge liegen, nach Lage der Dinge;
    matters were in a mess es war eine verfahrene Geschichte
    5. the matter die Schwierigkeit:
    what’s the matter? was ist los?, wo fehlts?;
    what’s the matter with it (with him)? was ist (los) damit (mit ihm)?;
    what’s the matter with having the occasional glass of wine? was ist (schon) dabei, wenn man ab und zu ein Glas Wein trinkt?;
    what’s the matter now? was ist denn jetzt schon wieder los?;
    there’s nothing the matter nichts ist los;
    no matter! es hat nichts zu sagen!, nichts von Bedeutung!;
    it’s no matter whether … es spielt keine Rolle, ob …;
    no matter what he says was er auch sagt; ganz egal, was er sagt;
    no matter who … gleichgültig oder ganz egal, wer …;
    it made no matter to him that … es machte ihm nichts aus, dass …
    it’s a matter of £5 es kostet 5 Pfund;
    in a matter of weeks in ein paar Wochen;
    a matter of three weeks ungefähr drei Wochen;
    it is only a matter of minutes till … es kann nur ein paar Minuten dauern, bis …;
    it was a matter of 5 minutes es dauerte nur 5 Minuten;
    in a matter of minutes in Minutenschnelle;
    in a matter of seconds in Sekundenschnelle;
    it’s a matter of common knowledge es ist allgemein bekannt
    7. Anlass m, Veranlassung f ( beide:
    for zu):
    a matter for reflection etwas zum Nachdenken
    8. (Ggs äußere Form)
    a) Stoff m, Thema n, (behandelter) Gegenstand, Inhalt m (eines Buches etc)
    b) (innerer) Gehalt, Substanz f:
    strong in matter but weak in style inhaltlich stark, aber stilistisch schwach;
    matter and manner Gehalt und Gestalt
    9. Literaturgeschichte: Sagenstoff m, -kreis m:
    matter of France matière de France (um Karl den Großen);
    matter of Britain Bretonischer Sagenkreis (um König Arthur)
    10. Material n, Stoff m, Unterlagen pl ( alle:
    for für, zu):
    11. Logik: Inhalt m (eines Satzes)
    12. Postsache f: → print A 3
    13. TYPO
    a) Manuskript n
    b) (Schrift)Satz m: → dead A 23, live2 A 13
    B v/i
    1. von Bedeutung sein (to für), darauf ankommen ( to sb jemandem):
    it doesn’t matter es macht nichts (aus), es tut nichts;
    it didn’t matter to them es machte ihnen nichts aus;
    it hardly matters to me es macht mir nicht viel aus;
    it little matters es spielt kaum eine Rolle, es ist ziemlich einerlei
    2. MED eitern
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (affair) Angelegenheit, die

    that's another or a different matter altogether or quite another matter — das ist etwas ganz anderes

    and to make matters worse... — und was die Sache noch schlimmer macht/machte,...

    2) (cause, occasion)

    a/no matter for or of... — ein/kein Grund od. Anlass zu...

    3) (topic) Thema, das; Gegenstand, der
    4)

    a matter of... — (something that amounts to) eine Frage (+ Gen.)...; eine Sache von...

    it's a matter of taste/habit — das ist Geschmack- / Gewohnheitssache

    [only] a matter of time — [nur noch] eine Frage der Zeit

    it's just a matter of working harder — man muss sich ganz einfach [bei der Arbeit] mehr anstrengen

    Do you know him? - Yes, as a matter of fact, I do — Kennst du ihn? - Ja, ich kenne ihn tatsächlich

    5)

    what's the matter? — was ist [los]?

    is something the matter? — stimmt irgendetwas nicht?; ist [irgend]was (ugs.) ?

    6)
    7)

    no matter! — [das] macht nichts!

    no matter how/who/what/why — etc. ganz gleich od. egal (ugs.), wie/wer/was/warum usw.

    8) (material, as opposed to mind, spirit, etc.) Materie, die

    [in]organic/solid/vegetable matter — [an]organische/feste/pflanzliche Stoffe

    2. intransitive verb

    what does it matter? — was macht das schon?; was macht's? (ugs.)

    what matters is that... — worum es geht, ist...

    doesn't matter — [das] macht nichts (ugs.)

    it doesn't matter how/when — etc. es ist einerlei, wie/wann usw.

    does it matter to you if...? — macht es dir etwas aus, wenn...?

    the things which matter in life — [das,] worauf es im Leben ankommt

    * * *
    n.
    Angelegenheit f.
    Gegenstand m.
    Grund ¨-e m.
    Materie -n f.
    Sache -n f.

    English-german dictionary > matter

  • 9 populares

    pŏpŭlāris (sync. poplāris, Plaut. Rud. 3, 4, 36), e, adj. [1. populus], of or belonging to the people, proceeding from or designed for the people.
    I.
    In gen.:

    populares leges,

    i. e. laws instituted by the people, Cic. Leg. 2, 4, 9:

    accessus,

    id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 8, § 25:

    coetus,

    id. Ac. 2, 2, 6:

    munus,

    a donation to the people, id. Off. 2, 16, 56:

    popularia verba usitata,

    id. ib. 2, 10, 35; cf.:

    ad usum popularem atque civilem disserere,

    id. Leg. 3, 6, 14:

    dictio ad vulgarem popularemque sensum accommodata,

    id. de Or. 1, 23, 108:

    oratio philosophorum... nec sententiis nec verbis instructa popularibus,

    id. Or. 19, 64:

    popularis oratio,

    id. ib. 44, 151:

    populari nomine aliquid appellare,

    Plin. 13, 4, 9, § 48:

    laudes,

    in the mouths of the people, Cic. Ac. 2, 2, 6:

    admiratio,

    id. Fam. 7, 1, 2:

    honor,

    Cic. Dom. 18:

    ventus,

    popular favor, id. Clu. 47, 130 init.:

    aura,

    Hor. C. 3, 2, 20:

    civitas,

    democracy, Plin. 7, 56, 57, § 200 (opp. regia civitas, monarchy):

    popularia sacra sunt, ut ait Labeo, quae omnes cives faciunt nec certis familiis attributa sunt,

    Fest. p.253 Müll.—
    B.
    Subst.: pŏpŭlārĭa, ĭum, n. (sc. subsellia), the seats of the people in the theatre, the common seats, Suet. Claud. 25; id. Dom. 4 fin. —
    II.
    In partic.
    A.
    Of or belonging to the same people or country, native, indigenous (as an adj. rare):

    Sappho puellis de popularibus querentem vidimus,

    Hor. C. 2, 13, 25:

    flumina,

    of the same district, Ov. M. 1, 577:

    oliva,

    native, id. ib. 7, 498.—
    2.
    As subst.: pŏpŭlāris, is, comm. (freq. and class.).
    (α).
    Masc., a countryman, fellow-countryman:

    redire ad suos populares, Naev. ap. Fest. s. v. stuprum, p. 317 Müll.: o mi popularis, salve,

    Plaut. Poen. 5, 2, 79:

    o populares,

    Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 1; id. Ad. 2, 1, 1:

    popularis ac sodalis suus,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 37, 118:

    ego vero Solonis, popularis tui, ut puto, etiam mei, legem neglegam (for Cicero had also lived in Athens),

    id. Att. 10, 1, 2:

    popularis alicujus definiti loci (opp. civis totius mundi),

    id. Leg. 1, 23, 61:

    non populares modo,

    Liv. 29, 1:

    cum turbā popularium,

    Just. 43, 1, 6: quae res indicabat populares esse.—
    (β).
    Fem.:

    mea popularis opsecro haec est?

    Plaut. Rud. 3, 4, 35; 4, 4, 36; 4, 8, 4 al.; Sall. J. 58, 4:

    tibi popularis,

    Ov. M. 12, 191.—
    b.
    Transf.
    (α).
    Of animals and plants of the same region:

    leaena, Ov. lb. 503: (glires) populares ejusdem silvae (opp. alienigenae, amne vel monte discreti),

    Plin. 8, 57, 82, § 224:

    populares eorum (prunorum) myxae,

    id. 15, 13, 12, § 43.—
    (β).
    Of persons of the same condition, occupation, tastes, etc., a companion, partner, associate, accomplice, comrade: meus popularis Geta, fellow (i. e. a slave), Ter. Phorm. 1, 1, 1:

    populares conjurationis,

    Sall. C. 24, 1; 52, 14:

    sceleris,

    id. ib. 22, 1: invitis hoc nostris popularibus dicam, the men of our school, i. e. the Stoics, Sen. Vit. Beat. 13.—
    B.
    In a political signification, of or belonging to the people, attached or devoted to the people (as opposed to the nobility), popular, democratic:

    res publica ex tribus generibus illis, regali et optumati et populari confusa modice,

    Cic. Rep. 2, 23, 41 (ap. Non. 342, 31):

    homo maxime popularis,

    Cic. Clu. 28, 77:

    consul veritate non ostentatione popularis,

    id. Agr. 1, 7, 23: animus vere popularis, saluti populi consulens, id. Cat. 4, 5, 9:

    ingenium,

    Liv. 2, 24:

    sacerdos, i. e. Clodius, as attached to the popular party,

    Cic. Sest. 30, 66:

    vir,

    Liv. 6, 20: homo, of the common people (opp. rex), Vulg. Sap. 18, 11. —Hence, subst.: pŏpŭlāres, ĭum, m., the people's party, the democrats (opp. optimates, the aristocrats):

    duo genera semper in hac civitate fuerunt... quibus ex generibus alteri se populares, alteri optimates et haberi et esse voluerunt. Quia ea quae faciebant, multitudini jucunda esse volebant, populares habebantur,

    Cic. Sest. 45, 96:

    qui populares habebantur,

    id. ib. 49, 105:

    ex quo evenit, ut alii populares, alii studiosi optimi cujusque videantur,

    id. Off. 1, 25, 85.—
    C.
    Acceptable to the people, agreeable to the multitude, popular:

    dixi in senatu me popularem consulem futurum. Quid enim est tam populare quam pax?

    Cic. Agr. 2, 4, 9:

    potest nihil esse tam populare quam id quod ego consul popularis adfero, pacem, etc.,

    id. ib. 2, 37, 102:

    quo nihil popularius est,

    Liv. 7, 33, 3:

    populare gratumque audientibus,

    Plin. Paneg. 77, 4.—
    D.
    Of or belonging to the citizens (as opposed to the soldiery):

    quique rem agunt duelli, quique populare auspicium,

    Cic. Leg.2, 8; cf.Amm. 14, 10; usually as subst.: popŭlāris, is, m., a citizen (post-class.):

    multa milia et popularium et militum,

    Capitol. Ant. Phil. 17; Dig. 1, 12, 1 fin.:

    popularibus militibusque,

    Juv. 26, 3, 5; Amm. 22, 2.—
    E.
    Belonging to or fit for the common people; hence, common, coarse, mean, bad: sal. Cato, R. R. 88:

    pulli (apium),

    Col. 9, 11, 4: popularia agere, to play coarse tricks, Laber. ap. Non. 150, 25.—Hence, adv.: pŏpŭlārĭter.
    A.
    After the manner of the common people, i. e. commonly, coarsely, vulgarly, Cic. Rep. 6, 22, 24:

    loqui,

    id. Fin. 2, 6, 17:

    scriptus liber (opp. limatius),

    id. ib. 5, 5, 12.—
    B.
    In a popular manner, popularly, democratically:

    agere,

    Cic. Off. 2, 21, 73:

    conciones seditiose ac populariter excitatae,

    id. Clu. 34, 93:

    occidere quemlibet populariter,

    to win popularity, Juv. 3, 37.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > populares

  • 10 popularis

    pŏpŭlāris (sync. poplāris, Plaut. Rud. 3, 4, 36), e, adj. [1. populus], of or belonging to the people, proceeding from or designed for the people.
    I.
    In gen.:

    populares leges,

    i. e. laws instituted by the people, Cic. Leg. 2, 4, 9:

    accessus,

    id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 8, § 25:

    coetus,

    id. Ac. 2, 2, 6:

    munus,

    a donation to the people, id. Off. 2, 16, 56:

    popularia verba usitata,

    id. ib. 2, 10, 35; cf.:

    ad usum popularem atque civilem disserere,

    id. Leg. 3, 6, 14:

    dictio ad vulgarem popularemque sensum accommodata,

    id. de Or. 1, 23, 108:

    oratio philosophorum... nec sententiis nec verbis instructa popularibus,

    id. Or. 19, 64:

    popularis oratio,

    id. ib. 44, 151:

    populari nomine aliquid appellare,

    Plin. 13, 4, 9, § 48:

    laudes,

    in the mouths of the people, Cic. Ac. 2, 2, 6:

    admiratio,

    id. Fam. 7, 1, 2:

    honor,

    Cic. Dom. 18:

    ventus,

    popular favor, id. Clu. 47, 130 init.:

    aura,

    Hor. C. 3, 2, 20:

    civitas,

    democracy, Plin. 7, 56, 57, § 200 (opp. regia civitas, monarchy):

    popularia sacra sunt, ut ait Labeo, quae omnes cives faciunt nec certis familiis attributa sunt,

    Fest. p.253 Müll.—
    B.
    Subst.: pŏpŭlārĭa, ĭum, n. (sc. subsellia), the seats of the people in the theatre, the common seats, Suet. Claud. 25; id. Dom. 4 fin. —
    II.
    In partic.
    A.
    Of or belonging to the same people or country, native, indigenous (as an adj. rare):

    Sappho puellis de popularibus querentem vidimus,

    Hor. C. 2, 13, 25:

    flumina,

    of the same district, Ov. M. 1, 577:

    oliva,

    native, id. ib. 7, 498.—
    2.
    As subst.: pŏpŭlāris, is, comm. (freq. and class.).
    (α).
    Masc., a countryman, fellow-countryman:

    redire ad suos populares, Naev. ap. Fest. s. v. stuprum, p. 317 Müll.: o mi popularis, salve,

    Plaut. Poen. 5, 2, 79:

    o populares,

    Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 1; id. Ad. 2, 1, 1:

    popularis ac sodalis suus,

    Cic. Ac. 2, 37, 118:

    ego vero Solonis, popularis tui, ut puto, etiam mei, legem neglegam (for Cicero had also lived in Athens),

    id. Att. 10, 1, 2:

    popularis alicujus definiti loci (opp. civis totius mundi),

    id. Leg. 1, 23, 61:

    non populares modo,

    Liv. 29, 1:

    cum turbā popularium,

    Just. 43, 1, 6: quae res indicabat populares esse.—
    (β).
    Fem.:

    mea popularis opsecro haec est?

    Plaut. Rud. 3, 4, 35; 4, 4, 36; 4, 8, 4 al.; Sall. J. 58, 4:

    tibi popularis,

    Ov. M. 12, 191.—
    b.
    Transf.
    (α).
    Of animals and plants of the same region:

    leaena, Ov. lb. 503: (glires) populares ejusdem silvae (opp. alienigenae, amne vel monte discreti),

    Plin. 8, 57, 82, § 224:

    populares eorum (prunorum) myxae,

    id. 15, 13, 12, § 43.—
    (β).
    Of persons of the same condition, occupation, tastes, etc., a companion, partner, associate, accomplice, comrade: meus popularis Geta, fellow (i. e. a slave), Ter. Phorm. 1, 1, 1:

    populares conjurationis,

    Sall. C. 24, 1; 52, 14:

    sceleris,

    id. ib. 22, 1: invitis hoc nostris popularibus dicam, the men of our school, i. e. the Stoics, Sen. Vit. Beat. 13.—
    B.
    In a political signification, of or belonging to the people, attached or devoted to the people (as opposed to the nobility), popular, democratic:

    res publica ex tribus generibus illis, regali et optumati et populari confusa modice,

    Cic. Rep. 2, 23, 41 (ap. Non. 342, 31):

    homo maxime popularis,

    Cic. Clu. 28, 77:

    consul veritate non ostentatione popularis,

    id. Agr. 1, 7, 23: animus vere popularis, saluti populi consulens, id. Cat. 4, 5, 9:

    ingenium,

    Liv. 2, 24:

    sacerdos, i. e. Clodius, as attached to the popular party,

    Cic. Sest. 30, 66:

    vir,

    Liv. 6, 20: homo, of the common people (opp. rex), Vulg. Sap. 18, 11. —Hence, subst.: pŏpŭlāres, ĭum, m., the people's party, the democrats (opp. optimates, the aristocrats):

    duo genera semper in hac civitate fuerunt... quibus ex generibus alteri se populares, alteri optimates et haberi et esse voluerunt. Quia ea quae faciebant, multitudini jucunda esse volebant, populares habebantur,

    Cic. Sest. 45, 96:

    qui populares habebantur,

    id. ib. 49, 105:

    ex quo evenit, ut alii populares, alii studiosi optimi cujusque videantur,

    id. Off. 1, 25, 85.—
    C.
    Acceptable to the people, agreeable to the multitude, popular:

    dixi in senatu me popularem consulem futurum. Quid enim est tam populare quam pax?

    Cic. Agr. 2, 4, 9:

    potest nihil esse tam populare quam id quod ego consul popularis adfero, pacem, etc.,

    id. ib. 2, 37, 102:

    quo nihil popularius est,

    Liv. 7, 33, 3:

    populare gratumque audientibus,

    Plin. Paneg. 77, 4.—
    D.
    Of or belonging to the citizens (as opposed to the soldiery):

    quique rem agunt duelli, quique populare auspicium,

    Cic. Leg.2, 8; cf.Amm. 14, 10; usually as subst.: popŭlāris, is, m., a citizen (post-class.):

    multa milia et popularium et militum,

    Capitol. Ant. Phil. 17; Dig. 1, 12, 1 fin.:

    popularibus militibusque,

    Juv. 26, 3, 5; Amm. 22, 2.—
    E.
    Belonging to or fit for the common people; hence, common, coarse, mean, bad: sal. Cato, R. R. 88:

    pulli (apium),

    Col. 9, 11, 4: popularia agere, to play coarse tricks, Laber. ap. Non. 150, 25.—Hence, adv.: pŏpŭlārĭter.
    A.
    After the manner of the common people, i. e. commonly, coarsely, vulgarly, Cic. Rep. 6, 22, 24:

    loqui,

    id. Fin. 2, 6, 17:

    scriptus liber (opp. limatius),

    id. ib. 5, 5, 12.—
    B.
    In a popular manner, popularly, democratically:

    agere,

    Cic. Off. 2, 21, 73:

    conciones seditiose ac populariter excitatae,

    id. Clu. 34, 93:

    occidere quemlibet populariter,

    to win popularity, Juv. 3, 37.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > popularis

  • 11 παρακολουθέω

    παρακολουθέω fut. παρακολουθήσω; 1 aor. παρηκολούθησα; pf. παρηκολούθηκα (Aristoph., X., Pla.+; ins, pap, 2 Macc, TestSol; JosAs 29:6; ApcMos 8; Philo, Joseph., Just.; Tat. 12, 5; Ath.) ‘follow’.
    ① to be closely associated w. someone viewed as an authority figure, follow lit. of direct discipleship τοῖς πρεσβυτέροις Papias (2, 4); αὐτῷ: Jesus (2, 15).—Otherw.
    ② to be attendant upon, follow, accompany, attend w. dat. of pers. (τύχη ἡμῖν π. Demosth. 42, 21; Plut., Mor. 207e; πυρετοί μοι π. Demosth. 54, 11; βλάβη μοι π. PReinach 18, 15 [II B.C.]; 19, 12; PTebt 28, 2; PStras 22, 20. Cp. 2 Macc 8:11; Philo, Sacr. Abel. 70; Ath. 31, 1 [w. acc. and inf.]) σημεῖα τοῖς πιστεύσασιν ταῦτα παρακολουθήσει these signs will attend those who have come to believe Mk 16:17 (v.l. ἀκολουθήσει).
    ③ to conform to someone’s belief or practice by paying special attention, follow faithfully, follow as a rule (SIG 885, 32 π. τῇ περὶ τὸ θεῖον τῆς πόλεως θεραπείᾳ; PTebt 124, 4 [I B.C.] τῇ αὐτῶν π. πίστει; 2 Macc 9:27 π. τῇ ἐμῇ προαιρέσει) διδασκαλίᾳ 1 Ti 4:6; 2 Ti 3:10. This sense involves only a slight transference from ‘follow with the mind, understand, make one’s own’ (Demosth. et al.; esp. a t.t. of the Stoics) w. dat. of thing (Polyb. 3, 32, 2; Epict. 1, 6, 13 of intelligent awareness as opposed to mere functioning, the diff. between animals and humans; Vett. Val. 276, 23; SIG 718, 9 [c. 100 B.C.]; Just., D. 114, 1).
    ④ to pay careful attention to someth. in a segment of time, follow a thing, follow a course of events, take note of w. dat. of thing (Demosth. 18, 172 παρηκολουθηκότα τοῖς πράγμασιν ἐξ ἀρχῆς=one well acquainted with the affairs from the very beginning; 19, 257 ἀκριβέστατʼ εἰδὼς ἐγὼ καὶ παρηκολουθηκὼς ἅπασι κατηγορῶ=I bring my charges as one who has accurate knowledge and has followed everything; UPZ 71, 20 [152 B.C.] τῇ ἀληθείᾳ; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 53 personal acquaintance as opposed to information secured second-hand; 218 of inability to have a thorough grasp of certain writings: μετὰ πάσης ἀκριβείας … παρακολουθεῖν) ἐμοὶ παρηκολουθηκότι ἄνωθεν πᾶσιν ἀκριβῶς to me, with a firm grasp of everything from the beginning Lk 1:3 (s. HCadbury, Beginn. II 501f; Exp. 8th ser., 144, 1922, 401–20; NTS 3, ’56/57: 128ff having been familiar with, and M-M.; JRopes, JTS 25, 1924, 67–71.—GWhitaker, Exp. 8th ser., 118, 1920, 262–72; 119, 1920, 380–84; 121, 1921, 239ff; BBacon, Le témoignage de Luc sur luimême: RHPR 8, 1928, 209–26. Luke does not specify the means whereby he was able to assert his thorough familiarity [a rendering such as ‘research’ or ‘investigate’ depends on interpretation of the context and not on the semantic content of π.]. It can be assumed that some of it was derived from the kinds of sources cited in vs. 2. S. also s.v. ἀνατάσσομαι).—LAlexander, The Preface to Luke’s Gospel ’93, 127–31.—DELG s.v. ἀκόλουθος. M-M. TW.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > παρακολουθέω

  • 12 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 13 BLAUÐR

    a.
    1) weak, cowardly; bíð nú, ef þú ert eigi blauðr, if thou art not a coward;
    * * *
    adj. [A. S. bleâðe; Scot. blate = bashful, shy; Hel. blothi; Germ. blöde; cp. Goth. blauþjan = ακυρουν, and Hel. blôdan = infirmare], it properly means soft, weak, Lat. mollis, Gr. μάλακος, and is opposed to hvatr, brisk, vigorous; hence the proverb, fár er hvatr er hrörask tekr, ef í barnæsku er blauðr, Fm. 6, cp. Fms. viii. 49.
    β. metaph. blauðr means feminine, hvatr masculine, but only used of animals, dogs, cats, fishes; hvatr-lax = hæingr = salmo mas; bleyða, u, f., is a dam, and metaph. a coward; blauðr is a term of abuse, a bitch, coward; hafi hendr á (hundinum, add. p. 149) ok drepi þótt b. sé, take the dog and kill it, though it be a bitch, Gísl. 63; blauðir hundar, Fms. ii. 163, xi. 10.
    2. metaph., Hallgerðr mælti við Gunnar, jafnkomit er á með ykkr, er hvárttveggi er blauðr (a taunt addressed to the beardless Njal), Nj. 59; bíð nú ef þú ert eigi b., Nj. 205, cp. Skr. 114, 496, in the last passage used = blautr; blauðir eru vér nú orðnir, Niðrst. 6.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > BLAUÐR

  • 14 जगत्


    jágat
    mfn. ( gam redupl. Pāṇ. 3-2, 178 Vārtt. 3)

    moving, movable, locomotive, living RV. AV. etc.;
    (= jā́gata) composed in the Jagatī metre RV. I, 164, 23 ShaḍvBr. I, 4 Lāṭy. I, 8, 9 ;
    m. air, wind L. ;
    m. pl. people, mankind Rājat. (C) III, 494 ;
    n. that which moves orﾠ is alive, men andﾠ animals, animals as opposed to men, men (Naigh. II, 3) RV. AV. etc.. ;
    (- tomadhye, « within everybody's sight» R. VII, 97, 1; 5 and 10);
    the world, esp. this world, earth ṠBr. Mn. etc.;
    the Jagati metre RV. I, 164, 25 ;
    N. of a Sāman. seeﾠ - sāman;
    n. du. heaven andﾠ the lower world Kir. V, 20 ;
    n. pl. the worlds (= - gat-traya) Prab. I, 10 ;
    people, mankind Kpr. X, 50/51 (Sāh. and Kuval.) ;
    ( jágatī) f. a female animal RV. I, 157, 5; VI, 72, 4 ;
    a cow Naigh. 11, II ;
    the plants ( orﾠ flour as coming from plants) VS. I, 21 ṠBr. I, 2, 2, 2 ;
    the earth ĪṡUp. PraṡnUp. Mn. I, 100 MBh. etc.. ;
    the site of a house L. (Kir. I, 7 Sch.) ;
    people, mankind L. ;
    the world, universe R. II, 69, 11 a metre of 4 × 12 syllables
    RV. X, 130, 5 AV. VIII; XIX ṠBr. AitBr. etc.. ;
    any metre of 4 × 12 syllables;
    the number 48 Lāṭy. IX Kāty. XXII ;
    a sacrificial brick named after the Jagatī metre ṠBr. VIII KātyṠr. XVII ;
    a field planted with Jambū L. ;
    - जगत्कर्तृ
    - जगत्कारण
    - जगत्कृत्स्न
    - जगत्क्षय
    - जगत्तुङ्ग
    - जगत्त्रय
    - जगत्त्रितय
    - जगत्पति
    - जगत्परायण
    - जगत्पित्रि
    - जगत्प्रकाश
    - जगत्प्रधान
    - जगत्प्रभु
    - जगत्प्रसिद्ध
    - जगत्प्राण
    - जगत्प्रासाह
    - जगत्प्रीति
    - जगत्समग्र
    - जगत्सर्व
    - जगत्साक्षिन्
    - जगत्सामन्
    - जगत्सिंह
    - जगत्सेट
    - जगत्स्रष्टृ
    - जगत्स्वामिन्

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > जगत्

  • 15 необходим

    •

    Cobalt is required in small amounts by plants and animals.

    •

    In science, as opposed to pure philosophy, observable facts are requisite.

    •

    To attain the high performance, powerful turbojets, rockets, or ramjets became a necessity.

    •

    It takes at least a minute for the chamber to come to equilibrium.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > необходим

  • 16 Д-63

    В САМОМ ДЕЛЕ PrepP Invar fixed WO
    1. ( usu. adv
    (in refer, to the nature of s.o. or sth.) in actuality (as opposed to as perceived, portrayed etc by s.o.): in reality
    in (actual) fact really actually.
    Он (Давид) почувствовал впервые, что и он смертен, не по-сказочному, а в самом деле, с невероятной очевидностью (Гроссман 2). For the first time David felt very clearly that he himself was mortal, not just in a fairy-tale way, but in actual fact (2a).
    Одни почитают меня хуже, другие лучше, чем я в самом деле... (Лермонтов 1). Some think me worse, others better, than I really am (Id). Some deem me worse, others better than I actually am (1a).
    2. (Particle or sent adv (often parenth)) used to confirm or ask for confirmation of sth. stated previously
    also used to express one's agreement with, seconding of etc sth. said by another
    in fact
    actually really indeed.
    Конечно, сказать, что я это (мещанскую ненависть жены Марата ко всякого рода чудачествам) заметил и принял к сведению, было бы неточно. Я в самом деле это заметил, но тогда подумал, что... это мне показалось (Искандер 2). Of course, it would be imprecise to say that I noticed this (Marat's wife's bourgeois hatred for any kind of eccentricity) and took it into account. I did in fact notice it, but at the time I thought I was imagining things (2a).
    Многие очевидцы этого утра теперь утверждают, что скот села Анхара предчувствовал начало боя, хотя с достоверностью этого утверждения трудно согласиться... Так как голодный скот, находясь взаперти, всегда даёт о себе знать, теперь трудно установить, в самом деле он предчувствовал кровопролитие или нет (Искандер 3). Many eyewitnesses now claim that the livestock of the village of Ankhara had a premonition the battle would begin that morning, although this claim is hard to authenticate....Since hungry animals who find themselves penned up always make themselves heard, it is difficult to establish now whether they actually had a premonition of bloodshed or not (3a).
    Свинкин дело потерял!» - «В самом деле? Что ж директор?» - спросил Обломов дрожащим голосом (Гончаров 1). "Svinkin lost a file of documents." "Really? What did the director do?" Oblomov asked in an unsteady voice (1b).
    «Кто тебе сказал, что Монина собираются уволить?» - «Декан». - «В самом деле?» - «В самом деле». "Who told you they were planning on firing Monin?" "The dean." "Really?" "Really."
    ...Я этого так не оставлю, я позвоню, я пойду к Каретникову, ему ничего не стоит, ему стоит только снять трубку...»...Откликаясь на просьбы Ефима, Каретников и в самом деле кому-то звонил или писал письма на своём депутатском бланке и... отказа на его звонки или письма, как правило, не бывало (Войнович 6). "...I won't leave it at this. I'll call Karetnikov.
    П1 go see Karetnikov. All Karet-nikov has to do is pick up the phone..." Karetnikov had indeed made phone calls on Yefim's behalf, or written letters, using his official stationery, and his calls and his letters always did their work (6a).
    3. (sent adv
    often preceded by Conj «и») used to introduce a statement justifying, supporting etc sth. previously stated
    indeed
    after all.
    «Как ты едешь? Ну же, потрогивай!» И в самом деле, Селифан давно уже ехал зажмуря глаза, изредка только потряхивая впросонках вожжами по бокам дремавших тоже лошадей... (Гоголь 3). "You call this driving? Come on, put your whip to them, get going!" And indeed Selifan had been driving for a long time with his eyes closed, only now and then flipping the reins against the flanks of the horses, who were dozing too (3c).
    ...В комнату вошла... симпатичная женщина в белом чистом халате и сказала Ивану: «Доброе утро!» Иван не ответил, так как счёл это приветствие в данных условиях неуместным. В самом деле, засадили здорового человека в лечебницу... (Булгаков 9). Into the room came a kind-looking woman in a clean white coverall and said to Ivan, "Good morning!" Ivan did not reply, as he felt the greeting out of place in the circumstances. They had, after all, dumped a perfectly healthy man in the hospital.. (9b).
    4. (Particle) used to intensify an expression of indignation, annoyance, surprise etc, or to intensify a request or demand that s.o. do (or stop doing) sth.: really!
    honestly! (with прекрати, перестань etc) (stop...,) will you? (when used with a negated word or phrase) certainly (not)!
    «Экий я дурак в самом деле!» (Гоголь 3). "What a fool I am, really!" (3b). "Oh, what a fool I am, honestly!" (3a).
    (Ислаев:) Michel, однако ты ненадолго уезжаешь?.. (Ракитин:) Не знаю, право... Я думаю... надолго... (Ислаев:) Ведь тебя здесь заменить некому. Не Большинцов же в самом деле! (Тургенев 1). (I.:) Michel, you aren't going to leave us for long, are you?.. (R..) I really don't know....1 think.. for a long time.. (I.:) But we have no one to replace you here! Certainly not Bolshintsov! (1b)

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > Д-63

  • 17 в самом деле

    [PrepP; Invar; fixed WO]
    =====
    1. [usu. adv]
    ⇒ (in refer, to the nature of s.o. or sth.) in actuality (as opposed to as perceived, portrayed etc by s.o.):
    - actually.
         ♦ Он [Давид] почувствовал впервые, что и он смертен, не по-сказочному, а в самом деле, с невероятной очевидностью (Гроссман 2). For the first time David felt very clearly that he himself was mortal, not just in a fairy-tale way, but in actual fact (2a).
         ♦ Одни почитают меня хуже, другие лучше, чем я в самом деле... (Лермонтов 1). Some think me worse, others better, than I really am (Id). Some deem me worse, others better than I actually am (1a).
    2. [Particle or sent adv (often parenth)]
    ⇒ used to confirm or ask for confirmation of sth. stated previously; also used to express one's agreement with, seconding of etc sth. said by another:
    - indeed.
         ♦ Конечно, сказать, что я это [мещанскую ненависть жены Марата ко всякого рода чудачествам] заметил и принял к сведению, было бы неточно. Я в самом деле это заметил, но тогда подумал, что... это мне показалось (Искандер 2). Of course, it would be imprecise to say that I noticed this [Marat's wife's bourgeois hatred for any kind of eccentricity] and took it into account. I did in fact notice it, but at the time I thought I was imagining things (2a).
         ♦ Многие очевидцы этого утра теперь утверждают, что скот села Анхара предчувствовал начало боя, хотя с достоверностью этого утверждения трудно согласиться... Так как голодный скот, находясь взаперти, всегда даёт о себе знать, теперь трудно установить, в самом деле он предчувствовал кровопролитие или нет (Искандер 3). Many eyewitnesses now claim that the livestock of the village of Ankhara had a premonition the battle would begin that morning, although this claim is hard to authenticate....Since hungry animals who find themselves penned up always make themselves heard, it is difficult to establish now whether they actually had a premonition of bloodshed or not (3a).
         ♦ "Свинкин дело потерял!" - "В самом деле? Что ж директор?" - спросил Обломов дрожащим голосом (Гончаров 1). "Svinkin lost a file of documents." "Really? What did the director do?" Oblomov asked in an unsteady voice (1b).
         ♦ "Кто тебе сказал, что Монина собираются уволить?" - "Декан". - "В самом деле?" - "В самом деле". "Who told you they were planning on firing Monin?" "The dean." "Really?" "Really."
         ♦ "...Я этого так не оставлю, я позвоню, я пойду к Каретникову, ему ничего не стоит, ему стоит только снять трубку..."...Откликаясь на просьбы Ефима, Каретников и в самом деле кому-то звонил или писал письма на своём депутатском бланке и... отказа на его звонки или письма, как правило, не бывало (Войнович 6). "...I won't leave it at this. I'll call Karetnikov. I'll go see Karetnikov. All Karetnikov has to do is pick up the phone..." Karetnikov had indeed made phone calls on Yefim's behalf, or written letters, using his official stationery, and his calls and his letters always did their work (6a).
    3. [sent adv; often preceded by Conj "и"]
    ⇒ used to introduce a statement justifying, supporting etc sth. previously stated:
    - after all.
         ♦ "Как ты едешь? Ну же, потрогивай!" И в самом деле, Селифан давно уже ехал зажмуря глаза, изредка только потряхивая впросонках вожжами по бокам дремавших тоже лошадей... (Гоголь 3). "You call this driving? Come on, put your whip to them, get going!" And indeed Selifan had been driving for a long time with his eyes closed, only now and then flipping the reins against the flanks of the horses, who were dozing too (Зс).
         ♦...В комнату вошла... симпатичная женщина в белом чистом халате и сказала Ивану: " Доброе утро!" Иван не ответил, так как счёл это приветствие в данных условиях неуместным. В самом деле, засадили здорового человека в лечебницу... (Булгаков 9). Into the room came a kind-looking woman in a clean white coverall and said to Ivan, "Good morning!" Ivan did not reply, as he felt the greeting out of place in the circumstances. They had, after all, dumped a perfectly healthy man in the hospital.. (9b).
    4. [Particle]
    ⇒ used to intensify an expression of indignation, annoyance, surprise etc, or to intensify a request or demand that s.o. do (or stop doing) sth.:
    - really!;
    - honestly!;
    - [with прекрати, перестань etc] (stop...,) will you?;
    - [when used with a negated word or phrase] certainly (not)!
         ♦ "Экий я дурак в самом деле!" (Гоголь 3). "What a fool I am, really!" (3b). "Oh, what a fool I am, honestly!" (3a).
         ♦ [Ислаев:] Michel, однако ты ненадолго уезжаешь?.. [Ракитин:] Не знаю, право... Я думаю... надолго... [Ислаев:] Ведь тебя здесь заменить некому. Не Большинцов же в самом деле! (Тургенев 1). [I.:] Michel, you aren't going to leave us for long, are you?.. [R..] I really don't know....I think.. for a long time... [I.:] But we have no one to replace you here! Certainly not Bolshintsov! (1b)

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > в самом деле

  • 18 back

    1.
    [bæk]noun
    1) (of person, animal) Rücken, der

    stand back to back — Rücken an Rücken stehen

    as soon as my back was turned — (fig.) sowie ich den Rücken gedreht hatte

    turn one's back on somebody — jemandem den Rücken zuwenden; (fig.): (abandon somebody) jemanden im Stich lassen

    turn one's back on something — (fig.) sich um etwas nicht kümmern

    get or put somebody's back up — (fig.) jemanden wütend machen

    be glad to see the back of somebody/something — (fig.) froh sein, jemanden/etwas nicht mehr sehen zu müssen

    have one's back to the wall — (fig.) mit dem Rücken zur Wand stehen

    get off my back — (fig. coll.) lass mich zufrieden

    have somebody/something on one's back — (fig.) jemanden/etwas am Hals haben (ugs.)

    put one's back into something — (fig.) sich für etwas mit allen Kräften einsetzen

    2) (outer or rear surface) Rücken, der; (of vehicle) Heck, das; (inside car) Rücksitz, der

    the car went into the back of me — (coll.) das Auto ist mir hinten reingefahren (ugs.)

    know something like the back of one's hand — (fig.) etwas wie seine Westentasche kennen

    the back of one's/the head — der Hinterkopf

    3) (of book) (spine) [Buch]rücken, der; (final pages) Ende, das

    at the back [of the book] — hinten [im Buch]

    4) (of dress) Rücken, der; (of knife) [Messer]rücken, der
    5) (more remote part) hinterer Teil

    at the back [of something] — hinten [in etwas (Dat.)]; im hinteren Teil [von etwas]

    6) (of chair) [Rücken]lehne, die; (of house, cheque) Rückseite, die; (back wall) Rückseite, die; Rückwand, die

    please get to the back of the queue — bitte, stellen Sie sich hinten an

    in back of something — (Amer.) hinter etwas (Dat.)

    7) (Sport): (player) Verteidiger, der
    8) (of ship) Kiel, der
    2. adjective, no compar.; superl.
    backmost ['bækməʊst]
    1) (situated behind) hinter...
    2) (of the past) früher
    3) (overdue) rückständig [Lohn, Steuern]
    3. adverb
    1) (to the rear) zurück
    2) (behind) zurück; weiter hinten

    back of something — (Amer.) hinter etwas (Dat.)

    3) (at a distance)
    4) (to original position, home) [wieder] zurück

    the journey back — die Rückfahrt/der Rückflug

    6) (in the past) zurück

    a week/month back — vor einer Woche/vor einem Monat

    7) (in return) zurück

    I got a letter back — er/sie hat mir wiedergeschrieben

    4. transitive verb
    1) (assist) helfen (+ Dat.); unterstützen [Person, Sache]
    2) (bet on) wetten od. setzen auf (+ Akk.) [Pferd, Gewinner, Favorit]

    back the wrong/right horse — (lit. or fig.) aufs falsche/richtige Pferd setzen (ugs.)

    3) (cause to move back) zurücksetzen [mit] [Fahrzeug]; rückwärts gehen lassen [Pferd]
    4) (put or act as a back to) [an der Rückseite] verstärken
    5) (endorse) indossieren [Wechsel, Scheck]
    6) (lie at the back of)

    back something — hinten an etwas (Akk.) grenzen

    7) (Mus.) begleiten
    5. intransitive verb

    back into/out of something — rückwärts in etwas (Akk.)/aus etwas fahren

    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/4912/back_down">back down
    * * *
    [bæk] 1. noun
    1) (in man, the part of the body from the neck to the bottom of the spine: She lay on her back.) der Rücken
    2) (in animals, the upper part of the body: She put the saddle on the horse's back.) der Rücken
    3) (that part of anything opposite to or furthest from the front: the back of the house; She sat at the back of the hall.) die Rückseite
    4) (in football, hockey etc a player who plays behind the forwards.) der/die Verteidiger/-in
    2. adjective
    (of or at the back: the back door.) rückwärtig
    3. adverb
    1) (to, or at, the place or person from which a person or thing came: I went back to the shop; He gave the car back to its owner.) zurück
    2) (away (from something); not near (something): Move back! Let the ambulance get to the injured man; Keep back from me or I'll hit you!)
    3) (towards the back (of something): Sit back in your chair.) zurück
    4) (in return; in response to: When the teacher is scolding you, don't answer back.) zurück
    5) (to, or in, the past: Think back to your childhood.) zurück
    4. verb
    1) (to (cause to) move backwards: He backed (his car) out of the garage.) (sich) rückwärts bewegen
    2) (to help or support: Will you back me against the others?) unterstützen, Rückhalt bieten
    3) (to bet or gamble on: I backed your horse to win.) setzen auf
    •
    - backer
    - backbite
    - backbiting
    - backbone
    - backbreaking
    - backdate
    - backfire
    - background
    - backhand     5. adverb
    (using backhand: She played the stroke backhand; She writes backhand.) Schlag mit der Rückhand
    - backlog
    - back-number
    - backpack
    - backpacking: go backpacking
    - backpacker
    - backside
    - backslash
    - backstroke
    - backup
    - backwash
    - backwater
    - backyard
    - back down
    - back of
    - back on to
    - back out
    - back up
    - have one's back to the wall
    - put someone's back up
    - take a back seat
    * * *
    [bæk]
    I. n
    1. (of body) Rücken m
    to be on one's \back (be ill) daniederliegen geh, flachliegen sl
    behind sb's \back ( fig) hinter jds Rücken
    to lie on one's \back auf dem Rücken liegen
    to put [or throw] one's \back out sich akk verheben [o ÖSTERR verreißen] [o SCHWEIZ überlüpfen]
    to slap sb on the \back jdm auf den Rücken klopfen
    \back to \back Rücken an Rücken
    2. (not front) of building, page Rückseite f; of car Heck nt; of chair Lehne f; (in car) Rücksitz[e] m[pl], Fond m fachspr
    we sat at the \back of the theatre wir saßen ganz hinten im Theater
    Ted is out [or BRIT, AUS round] the \back [or AM out \back] Ted ist draußen hinter dem [o fam hinterm] Haus
    at [or in] the \back [of the bus/book] hinten [im Bus/Buch]
    in the \back of the car auf dem Rücksitz [o fachspr im Fond]
    \back to front verkehrt herum
    \back of the hand/head/leg Handrücken m/Hinterkopf m/Wade f
    3. SPORT (player) Verteidiger(in) m(f)
    4.
    ▶ at sb's \back (supporting) hinter jdm; (pursuing) hinter jdm her fam
    ▶ at the \back of beyond am Ende der Welt hum, jwd hum fam
    ▶ to do sth on the \back of sth etw auf der Basis [o aufgrund] einer S. gen tun
    ▶ to get off sb's \back jdn in Ruhe lassen
    ▶ to get [or put] sb's \back up jdn in Rage bringen [o versetzen], jdn wütend machen
    ▶ to be glad to see the \back of sb froh sein, jdn los zu sein
    ▶ to have one's \back against the wall mit dem Rücken zur [o an der] Wand stehen
    ▶ to know sth \back to front etw im Schlaf [o fam vorwärts und rückwärts] können
    ▶ to know sth like the \back of one's hand etw in- und auswendig [o wie seine Westentasche] kennen fam
    ▶ in [or at] the \back of one's mind im Hinterkopf
    ▶ to have sb/sth on one's \back jdn/etw am [o auf dem] Hals haben fam
    the cops are on my \back ich habe die Bullen am Hals fam
    ▶ to put sb on sb's \back jdm jdn auf den Hals schicken [o hetzen] fam
    ▶ to put one's \back into sth sich akk in etw akk hineinknien fam
    ▶ to ride on the \back of sth im Fahrwasser einer S. gen mitschwimmen fam
    ▶ to stab sb in the \back jdm in den Rücken fallen
    ▶ to turn one's \back on sb (reject) sich akk von jdm abwenden; (ignore) jdm den Rücken [zu]kehren; (let down) jdn im Stich lassen
    II. adj attr, inv
    1.
    (rear) Hinter-
    \back door Hintertür f
    \back entrance Hintereingang m
    \back leg Hinterbein nt
    \back pocket Gesäßtasche f
    \back seat Rücksitz m
    \back tooth Backenzahn m
    2. (of body) pain, problems Rücken-
    3. (old) alt
    \back issue alte Ausgabe
    \back orders Auftragsrückstand m
    4.
    ▶ to be on the \back burner ( fam) auf Eis liegen fam
    ▶ to put sth on the \back burner ( fam) etw auf Eis legen fam
    III. adv inv
    1. (to previous place) [wieder] zurück, SCHWEIZ a. [wieder] retour
    there and \back hin und zurück
    to be \back [wieder] zurück [o wieder da] sein
    I'll be \back ich komme wieder
    to bring \back memories Erinnerungen wecken
    to come \back zurückkommen, SCHWEIZ a. retour kommen
    to come \back [into fashion] wieder in Mode kommen
    to put sth \back etw zurücklegen
    to want sb/sth \back jdn/etw zurück[haben] [o SCHWEIZ a. retour [haben]] wollen fam
    \back and forth hin und her
    to hold sb \back ( fig) jdn zurückhalten
    don't let anything hold you \back lass dich durch nichts aufhalten
    to lie \back sich akk zurücklegen
    to look \back zurückblicken a. fig
    to sit \back sich akk zurücklehnen
    to stand [well] \back zurücktreten, Abstand halten
    to throw \back one's head den Kopf zurückwerfen
    ▪ \back of sb/sth AM (to rear) hinter jdn/etw; (at rear) hinter jdm/etw
    to call \back zurückrufen
    to fight [or hit] \back zurückschlagen
    to pay sth \back etw zurückzahlen
    to write \back zurückschreiben
    as far \back as I can remember so weit ich zurückdenken kann
    that was \back in 1950 das war [schon] 1950
    two months/years \back vor zwei Monaten/Jahren
    5. AM (losing)
    we were two points \back wir waren zwei Punkte hinter dem Gegner
    6.
    ▶ to get [or pay] sb \back [or get \back at sb] [for sth] jdm etw heimzahlen
    IV. vt
    1. (support)
    ▪ to \back sth idea, plan, proposal etw unterstützen [o befürworten]
    ▪ to \back sb jdn unterstützen; (encourage) jdm den Rücken stärken
    to \back a bill FIN [als Dritter] einen Wechsel unterzeichnen; LAW einen Gesetzesentwurf unterstützen
    to \back a horse auf ein Pferd setzen
    2. (drive)
    she \backed the car into the garage sie fuhr rückwärts in die Garage
    ▪ to \back sb/sth concert, band jdn/etw begleiten
    4. TECH (line)
    ▪ to \back sth etw mit einem Rücken versehen
    5.
    ▶ to \back the wrong horse aufs falsche Pferd setzen fam
    V. vi car zurücksetzen
    the car \backed down the hill das Auto fuhr rückwärts den Berg hinunter
    * * *
    [bk]
    1. n
    1) (of person, animal, book) Rücken m; (of chair) (Rücken)lehne f

    to break one's back (lit) — sich (dat) das Rückgrat brechen; (fig) sich abrackern, sich abmühen

    to put one's back into sth (fig) — sich bei etw anstrengen, bei etw Einsatz zeigen

    to turn one's back on sb (lit) — jdm den Rücken zuwenden; (fig) sich von jdm abwenden

    when I needed him he turned his back on me —

    he's got the boss on his back all the time — er hat dauernd seinen Chef auf dem Hals

    to have one's back to the wall (fig) — in die Enge getrieben sein/werden

    I was pleased to see the back of them (inf) — ich war froh, sie endlich los zu sein (inf)

    2) (as opposed to front) Rück- or Hinterseite f; (of hand, dress) Rücken m; (of house, page, coin, cheque) Rückseite f; (of material) linke Seite

    at/on the back of the bus — hinten im/am Bus

    in the back (of a car) —

    there's one other worry at the back of my mind — da ist noch etwas, das mich beschäftigt

    at the back of the garage (inside) — hinten in der Garage; (outside) hinter der Garage

    at the back of beyond — am Ende der Welt, jwd (hum)

    in back (US) — hinten

    3) (FTBL) Verteidiger(in) m(f); (RUGBY) Hinterspieler(in) m(f)
    2. adj
    Hinter-; rent ausstehend, rückständig
    3. adv
    1)

    (= to the rear) (stand) back! — zurück(treten)!, (treten Sie) zurück!

    2) (= in return) zurück
    3) (= returning) zurück

    to come/go back — zurückkommen/-gehen

    4) (= again) wieder

    I'll never go back — da gehe ich nie wieder hin

    5)

    (= ago in time phrases) a week back — vor einer Woche

    back in March, 1987 —

    far back in the past — vor langer, langer Zeit, vor Urzeiten

    4. prep (US)
    5. vt
    1) (= support) unterstützen

    I will back you whatever you do — egal was du tust, ich stehe hinter dir

    2) (BETTING) setzen or wetten auf (+acc)
    3) (= cause to move) car zurückfahren or -setzen; cart zurückfahren; horse rückwärts gehen lassen

    he backed his car into the tree/garage — er fuhr rückwärts gegen den Baum/in die Garage

    4) (MUS) singer begleiten
    5) (= put sth behind) picture mit einem Rücken versehen, unterlegen; (= stick on) aufziehen
    6. vi
    1) (= move backwards car, train) zurücksetzen or -fahren
    2) (NAUT wind) drehen
    * * *
    back1 [bæk]
    A s
    1. ANAT, ZOOL
    a) Rücken m
    b) Rückgrat n, Kreuz n:
    at the (US in) back of hinter (dat);
    be at the back of sth hinter etwas stecken;
    behind sb’s back
    a) hinter jemandes Rücken (a. fig),
    b) fig in jemandes Abwesenheit;
    on one’s back
    a) auf dem Leib (Kleidungsstück),
    b) auch flat on one’s back bettlägerig, krank
    c) auch flat on one’s back hilflos, aufgeschmissen umg;
    carry sth on one’s back etwas auf dem Rücken tragen;
    have sb on one’s back jemanden auf dem Hals haben;
    with one’s back to the wall mit dem Rücken zur Wand;
    have one’s back to the wall mit dem Rücken zur Wand stehen;
    spend every penny on one’s back sein ganzes Geld für Kleidung ausgeben;
    break one’s back sich abplagen;
    break sb’s back
    a) jemandem das Kreuz brechen (a. fig),
    b) fig jemanden zugrunde richten oder umg fertigmachen;
    break the back of sth das Schwierigste einer Sache hinter sich bringen;
    put ( oder get) sb’s back up jemanden auf die Palme bringen;
    put one’s back into sth sich bei einer Sache ins Zeug legen, sich in eine Sache hineinknien;
    be glad ( oder pleased) to see the back of sb froh sein, jemanden los zu sein;
    I hope I’ve seen the back of him hoffentlich sehe ich den Kerl nie wieder;
    turn one’s back on sb
    a) jemandem den Rücken zuwenden,
    b) fig jemandem den Rücken kehren, sich von jemandem abkehren;
    make a back einen Buckel machen, sich bücken;
    a) Rücken an Rücken,
    b) bes US nacheinander;
    he has a strong back er hat einen breiten Rücken oder Buckel (a. fig); → scratch C 2
    2. Hinter-, Rückseite f (des Kopfes, Hauses, Briefes, einer Tür etc), Unterseite f (eines Blattes), (Buch-, Berg-, Messer- etc) Rücken m, Kehrseite f (eines Bildes etc), (Rück)Lehne f (eines Stuhls), linke Seite (des Tuches), Boden m (eines Saiteninstruments):
    back of one’s ( oder the) hand Handrücken;
    know sth back to front etwas in- und auswendig kennen;
    know a place like the back of one’s hand einen Ort wie seine Hosentasche kennen;
    run into the back of sb AUTO jemandem hinten reinfahren;
    he ran into the back of another car er hatte einen Auffahrunfall
    3. hinterer oder rückwärtiger oder entfernt gelegener Teil, Hintergrund m:
    back of the head Hinterkopf m:
    back of the house rückwärtiger oder hinterer Teil des Hauses;
    at ( oder in) the back of beyond fig bes Br wo sich Fuchs und Hase gute Nacht sagen, am Ende oder sl Arsch der Welt;
    his name was (somewhere) at ( oder in) the back of my mind ich erinnerte mich dunkel an seinen Namen;
    have sth at the back of one’s mind insgeheim an etwas denken;
    at the back of the stage im Hintergrund der Bühne;
    at the back of the plane hinten im Flugzeug;
    in the back of the car auf dem Rücksitz oder im Fond des Autos
    4. Rückenteil m (eines Kleidungsstückes):
    have one’s pullover on back to front den Pullover verkehrt herum anhaben
    5. Hinterstück n:
    back of a roe GASTR Rehziemer m
    6. ARCH Hauptdachbalken m
    7. → backyard
    8. SPORT Verteidiger(in)
    B adj
    1. rückwärtig, letzt(er, e, es), hinter(er, e, es), Hinter…, Rück…, Nach…:
    back entrance Hintereingang m;
    back pass SPORT
    a) Rückpass m,
    b) Rückgabe f (zum Tormann)
    2. fern, abgelegen:
    back country Hinterland n;
    back province finster(st)e Provinz
    3. LING hinten im Mund geformt:
    a back vowel ein dunkler Vokal
    4. rückläufig:
    back flow Rückfluss m
    5. rückständig (Miete etc):
    back tax Steuerrückstände pl
    6. alt, zurückliegend:
    back issue alte Ausgabe (einer Zeitung etc)
    C adv
    1. zurück, rückwärts:
    a) back and forth hin und her
    b) vor und zurück;
    2. (wieder) zurück:
    he is back (again) er ist wieder da;
    a) wieder zu Hause,
    b) US daheim, bei uns (zu Lande);
    be back in fashion wieder modern sein; → nature 1 d
    3. zurück, vorher:
    20 years back vor 20 Jahren;
    back in 1900 (damals oder noch oder schon) im Jahre 1900
    4. umg zurück, im Rückstand:
    be back in one’s rent mit der Miete im Rückstand sein
    D v/t
    1. a) auch back up jemanden od etwas unterstützen, eintreten für, jemandem den Rücken stärken, jemanden decken, etwas bekräftigen, untermauern, belegen, WIRTSCH die Währung etc stützen, Noten decken
    b) back up COMPUT Daten sichern
    2. auch back up zurückbewegen, einen Wagen, eine Maschine, ein Pferd etc rückwärts fahren oder laufen lassen:
    back one’s car up mit dem Auto rückwärts fahren oder zurückstoßen;
    back the car out of the garage den Wagen rückwärts aus der Garage fahren;
    a) SCHIFF ein Schiff rückwärts rudern, rückwärts fahren,
    b) US umg einen Rückzieher machen
    3. wetten oder setzen auf (akk): → horse A 1
    4. a) ein Pferd etc besteigen
    b) ein Pferd zureiten
    5. auch back up ein Buch etc mit einem Rücken versehen, an der Rückseite verstärken, einen Stuhl mit einer Lehne oder Rückenverstärkung versehen
    6. TECH beschichten, mit einem Überzug versehen
    7. TECH, auch ein Kleidungsstück füttern ( with mit)
    8. WIRTSCH einen Scheck indossieren, gegenzeichnen, einen Wechsel als Bürge unterschreiben, avalieren
    9. auf der Rückseite beschreiben oder bedrucken
    10. den Hintergrund (gen) bilden, hinten grenzen an (akk)
    11. umg auf dem Rücken tragen, auf den Rücken nehmen
    12. JAGD hinter und mit dem Leithund (vor)stehen (Meute)
    E v/i
    1. oft back up sich zurückbewegen, sich rückwärts bewegen, zurückgehen oder -treten oder -fahren, AUTO auch zurückstoßen:
    back out rückwärts herausfahren (of aus)
    2. links umspringen, rückdrehen (Wind)
    a) SCHIFF back und voll brassen, lavieren,
    b) fig unschlüssig sein
    4. back onto hinten angrenzen an (akk)
    back2 [bæk] s Bottich m, Kufe f
    * * *
    1.
    [bæk]noun
    1) (of person, animal) Rücken, der

    as soon as my back was turned — (fig.) sowie ich den Rücken gedreht hatte

    turn one's back on somebody — jemandem den Rücken zuwenden; (fig.): (abandon somebody) jemanden im Stich lassen

    turn one's back on something — (fig.) sich um etwas nicht kümmern

    get or put somebody's back up — (fig.) jemanden wütend machen

    be glad to see the back of somebody/something — (fig.) froh sein, jemanden/etwas nicht mehr sehen zu müssen

    have one's back to the wall — (fig.) mit dem Rücken zur Wand stehen

    get off my back — (fig. coll.) lass mich zufrieden

    have somebody/something on one's back — (fig.) jemanden/etwas am Hals haben (ugs.)

    put one's back into something — (fig.) sich für etwas mit allen Kräften einsetzen

    2) (outer or rear surface) Rücken, der; (of vehicle) Heck, das; (inside car) Rücksitz, der

    the car went into the back of me — (coll.) das Auto ist mir hinten reingefahren (ugs.)

    know something like the back of one's hand — (fig.) etwas wie seine Westentasche kennen

    the back of one's/the head — der Hinterkopf

    3) (of book) (spine) [Buch]rücken, der; (final pages) Ende, das

    at the back [of the book] — hinten [im Buch]

    4) (of dress) Rücken, der; (of knife) [Messer]rücken, der
    5) (more remote part) hinterer Teil

    at the back [of something] — hinten [in etwas (Dat.)]; im hinteren Teil [von etwas]

    6) (of chair) [Rücken]lehne, die; (of house, cheque) Rückseite, die; (back wall) Rückseite, die; Rückwand, die

    please get to the back of the queue — bitte, stellen Sie sich hinten an

    in back of something — (Amer.) hinter etwas (Dat.)

    7) (Sport): (player) Verteidiger, der
    8) (of ship) Kiel, der
    2. adjective, no compar.; superl.
    backmost ['bækməʊst]
    1) (situated behind) hinter...
    2) (of the past) früher
    3) (overdue) rückständig [Lohn, Steuern]
    3. adverb
    1) (to the rear) zurück
    2) (behind) zurück; weiter hinten

    back of something — (Amer.) hinter etwas (Dat.)

    4) (to original position, home) [wieder] zurück

    the journey back — die Rückfahrt/der Rückflug

    6) (in the past) zurück

    a week/month back — vor einer Woche/vor einem Monat

    7) (in return) zurück

    I got a letter back — er/sie hat mir wiedergeschrieben

    4. transitive verb
    1) (assist) helfen (+ Dat.); unterstützen [Person, Sache]
    2) (bet on) wetten od. setzen auf (+ Akk.) [Pferd, Gewinner, Favorit]

    back the wrong/right horse — (lit. or fig.) aufs falsche/richtige Pferd setzen (ugs.)

    3) (cause to move back) zurücksetzen [mit] [Fahrzeug]; rückwärts gehen lassen [Pferd]
    4) (put or act as a back to) [an der Rückseite] verstärken
    5) (endorse) indossieren [Wechsel, Scheck]
    7) (Mus.) begleiten
    5. intransitive verb

    back into/out of something — rückwärts in etwas (Akk.)/aus etwas fahren

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    adj.
    retour adj.
    zurück adj. n.
    Heck -e n.
    Kehrseite f.
    Rücken - m.
    Rückseite f. v.
    unterstützen v.

    English-german dictionary > back

  • 19 गणः _gaṇḥ

    गणः [गण् कर्मणि कर्तरि वा अच्]
    1 A flock, multitude, group, troop, collection; गुणिगणगणना, भगणः
    -2 A series, a class.
    -3 A body of followers or attendants.
    -4 Particularly, a troop of demigods considered as Śiva's attendants and under the special superintendence of Gaṇeśa, a demigod of this troop; गणानां त्वा गणपतिं हवामहे कविं कवीनाम् &c.; गणा नमेरुप्रसवावतंसाः Ku.1.55,7.4,71; Me.35.57; Ki.5.13.
    -5 Any assemblage or society of men formed for the attainment of the same objects.
    -6 A company, association.
    -7 A tribe, class.
    -8 A series of lunar mansions classed under three heads (of god, men and demons).
    -9 A sect (in philosophy, religion).
    -1 A small body of troops (a sub-division of अक्षौहिणी), consisting of 27 chariots, as many elephants, 81 horses and 135 foot; Mb.1.2.21.
    -11 A number (in math.).
    -12 A foot (in prosody).
    -13 (In gram.) A series of roots or words belonging to the same rule and called after the first word of that series; e. g. भ्वादिगण i. e. the class of roots which begin with भू.
    -14 An epithet of Gaṇeśa.
    -Comp. -अग्रणी m. N. of Gaṇeśa.
    -अचलः N. of the mountain Kailāsa, as the residence of the Gaṇas of Śiva.
    -अधिपः, -अधिपतिः 1 N. of Śiva; Śi.9.27.
    -2 N. of Gaṇeśa.
    -3 the chief of a troop of soldiers or of a class of disciples, of a body of men or animals.
    -अन्नम् a mess, food prepared for number of persons in common; Ms.4.29,219.
    -अभ्यन्तर a. one of a troop or number. (
    -रः) the leader or mem- ber of any religious association; Ms.3.154.
    -ईशः N. of Gaṇapati, Śiva's son (see गणपति below). ˚जननी an epithet of Pārvatī. ˚भूषणम् red-lead.
    -ईशानः, -ईश्वरः 1 an epithet of Gaṇeśa.
    -2 of Śiva.
    -उत्साहः the rhinoceros.
    -कारः 1 a classifier.
    -2 an epithet of Bhīmasena.
    -कृत्वस् ind. for a whole series of times, for a number of times.
    -गतिः a particular high number.
    -चक्रकम् a dinner eaten in common by a party of virtuous men.
    -छन्दस् n. metre regulated and measured by feet.
    -तिथ a. forming a troop or collection.
    -दीक्षा 1 initiation of a number or a class.
    -2 performance of rites for a number of persons.
    -दीक्षिन् a.
    1 one who officiates for a number of per- sons or for various castes (as a priest).
    -2 one who has been initiated into the worship of Ganeśa.
    -देवताः (pl.) groups of deities who generally appear in classes of troops; Ak. thus classifies them:-- आदित्यविश्ववसव- स्तुषिता भास्वरानिलाः । महाराजिकसाध्याश्च रुद्राश्च गणदेवताः ॥
    -द्रव्यम् 1 public property, common stock; Y.2.187.
    -2 a variety of articles.
    -धरः 1 the head of a class or number.
    -2 the teacher of a school.
    -नाथः, -नाथकः 1 an epithet of Śiva.
    -2 of Gaṇeśa.
    -3 the leader of the attendants of any god; Bhāg.5.17.13.
    -4 the head of an assemblage or corporation; Bṛi. S.15.4.
    -नायिका an epithet of Durgā.
    -पः, पतिः 1 N. of Śiva.
    -2 N. of Gaṇeśa. [He is the son of Śiva and Pārvatī, or of Pārvatī only; for according to one legend, he sprang from the scurf of her body. He is the god of wisdom and remover of obstacles; hence he is invok- ed and worshipped at the commencement of every important undertaking. He is usually represented in a sitting posture, short and fat, with a protuberant belly, and four hands; riding a mouse; and with the head of an elephant. This head has only one tusk, the other having been lost in a scuffle between him and Paraśurāma when he opposed the latter's en- trance to Śiva's inner apartments; (whence he is called Ekadanta, Ekadaṁṣṭra &c.). There are seve- ral legends accounting for his elephant head. It is said that he wrote the Mahābhārata at the dictation of Vyāsa who secured his services as a scribe from the god Brahman].
    -3 also an epithet of Bṛihas- pati and Indra.
    -4 the leader of a class or troop.
    -पर्वत see गणाचल.
    -पाठः a collection of gaṇas or series of words falling under the same grammatical rule.
    -पीठकम् the breast, bosom.
    -पुङ्गवः the head of a tribe or class. (pl.) N. of a country and its people; Bṛi. S.4.24.
    -पूर्वः the leader of a tribe or class; (ग्रामणी); Mb.13.23.2. ˚तापनी N. of a Upaniṣad.
    -भर्तृ m.
    1 an epithet of Śiva; गणभर्तृरुक्षा Ki.5.42.
    -2 N. of Gaṇeśa.
    -3 the leader of a class.
    -भोजनम् mess, eating in com- mon.
    -यज्ञः a rite common to all.
    -रत्नमहोदधिः a collection of grammatical gaṇas by Vardhamāna.
    -राज्यम् N. of an empire in the Deccan; Bṛi. S.14. 14.
    -रात्रम् a series of nights.
    -वल्लभः a general of the army (सेनानायक); Rām.2.81.12.
    -वृत्तम् see गणच्छन्दस्.
    -हासः, -हासकः a species of perfume.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > गणः _gaṇḥ

  • 20 तिर्यच् _tiryac _तिर्यञ्च _tiryañca

    तिर्यच् तिर्यञ्च a. (तिरश्ची f., rarely तिर्यञ्ची)
    1 Oblique, transverse, horizontal, awry; तिर्यगूर्ध्वमधस्ताच्च व्यापको महिमा हरेः Ku.6.71.
    -2 Crooked, curved.
    -3 Crossing over, traversing.
    -4 Winding.
    -5 Lying in the middle or between. -m.,-n.
    1 An animal (going horizontally as distinguished from man who walks erect), a lower or irrational animal; बन्धाय दिव्ये न तिरश्चि कश्चित् पाशा- दिरासादितपौरुषः स्यात् N.3.2; Ku.1.48.
    -2 A bird.
    -3 (With Jainas) The organic world, or plants.
    -Comp. -अन्तरम् intermediate space measured across, breadth.
    -अयनम् the annual revolution of the sun.
    -ईक्ष a. looking obliquely.
    -ईशः an epithet of Kṛiṣṇa.
    -गः an animal.
    -गतिः transmigration of animals.
    -गुणनम् oblique multiplication.
    -जः a. born or begotten by an animal; यस्माद्बीजप्रभावेण तिर्यग्जा ऋषयो$भवन् Ms.1. 72.
    -जनः an animal; Bhāg.2.7.46.
    -जातिः f. the brute kind (opp. man).
    -ज्या an oblique chord.
    -दिश् f. any horizontal region (opposed to nadir and zenith.)
    -प्रमाणम् breadth.
    -प्रेक्षणम् a side-look.
    -प्रेक्षण, प्रेक्षिन् a. looking obliquely; Bhāg.5.26.36.
    -यानः a crab.
    -योनः an animal; Ms.7.149.
    -योनिः f. animal creation or race; तिर्यग्योनौ च जायते Ms.4.2.
    -सूत्रम् a cross-line.
    -स्रोतस् m.
    1 the animal world.
    -2 an animal, a beast or bird.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > तिर्यच् _tiryac _तिर्यञ्च _tiryañca

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